NODE / 0244boundaryBeyond secure reconstruction
UNKNOWN
No deeper numeral ancestor is promoted here.
- DATE
- before the reviewed Indo-European numeral
- SENSE
- ten deep boundary
- FAMILY
- unclassified
- CANONICAL KEY
- boundary:38:6
The boundary records the end of the reviewed path, not proof that no deeper proposal exists.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
*THE TRAIL ENDS HERE.No reviewed parent edge extends beyond this canonical node.
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
DESCENDANTknowledge boundaryboundary
Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European prehistory · ten cardinal*dekm̥
ten
- SOUND
- No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed Indo-European numeral.
- MEANING
- The numeral history reaches the present evidence horizon.
- SCHOLAR
- SET-U editorial boundary
- CONFIDENCE
- boundary — This is an evidence boundary, not a metaphysical claim that no deeper history existed.
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 19
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 20
- DEEPEST PATH
- 6
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 5
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
STEP 01knowledge boundaryboundary
- SOUND
- No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed Indo-European numeral.
- MEANING
- The numeral history reaches the present evidence horizon.
HISTORICAL STEP 022 EDGES
STEP 02inheritedestablished
- SOUND
- Latin decem regularly continues the centum-language form of Indo-European *dekm̥.
- MEANING
- The numeral meaning “ten” remains stable.
American Heritage Indo-European Roots1 CITATIONEDGE 172 ↗ STEP 02inheritanceprobable
- SOUND
- Germanic *tehun continues Indo-European *deḱm̥ with the initial stop shift and branch-specific treatment of the following consonant cluster.
- MEANING
- The numeral meaning remains ten.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 237 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 034 EDGES
STEP 03ordinal derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin decimus is the ordinal formation corresponding to decem.
- MEANING
- The cardinal “ten” becomes ordinal “tenth.”
STEP 03derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin decima is a substantivized feminine form in the decimus/decem family.
- MEANING
- The cardinal “ten” supplies a named tenth part or tithe.
STEP 03compound derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin December is formed on decem “ten” as a month name.
- MEANING
- The numeral ten identifies the tenth month in the early Roman year.
STEP 03inheritanceprobable
- SOUND
- Old English tīen and tēn continue Germanic *tehun through West Germanic consonant loss and vowel development.
- MEANING
- The numeral meaning remains ten.
HISTORICAL STEP 046 EDGES
STEP 04derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin decimāre is derived from the tenth/ordinal family.
- MEANING
- “Tenth” becomes the action “take or select a tenth.”
STEP 04derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Medieval Latin decimālis is formed from Latin decima with an adjectival suffix.
- MEANING
- A tenth part or tithe becomes “pertaining to tenths.”
STEP 04borrowing via competing routesprobable
- SOUND
- The Latin month name reaches Middle English through Old English or Anglo-French transmission; the exact route is not resolved by the reviewed source.
- MEANING
- The named tenth month is retained as the last/twelfth month after calendar reordering.
STEP 04inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English ten continues Old English tīen and tēn with vowel shortening and spelling convergence.
- MEANING
- The cardinal meaning remains ten.
STEP 04romance developmentestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French disme and dime continue Latin decima through regular Romance reduction and spelling change.
- MEANING
- The tenth-part and tithe meaning remains central.
STEP 04inflectional derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin decima is the feminine form of decimus.
- MEANING
- The ordinal adjective “tenth” is substantivized as a tenth part or tithe.
HISTORICAL STEP 055 EDGES
STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- English decimate is formed on the Latin past-participial stem decimāt-.
- MEANING
- The exact selection or taxation of a tenth broadens within English to drastic reduction or destruction.
STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Medieval Latin decimālis passes into French décimal with Romance sound development.
- MEANING
- The learned mathematical and proportional sense remains tied to tenths.
STEP 05orthographic continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English Decembre is respelled December under renewed Latin influence and standardized capitalization.
- MEANING
- The month identity remains while its calendar position is twelfth.
STEP 05historical continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern English ten continues the Middle English spelling with ordinary phonological stabilization.
- MEANING
- The cardinal value remains ten while later noun, rating, money, and idiomatic senses branch from it.
STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English dime adapts Anglo-French disme or dime, including loss of the written consonant in the simplified form.
- MEANING
- The meaning remains a tenth part or tithe.
HISTORICAL STEP 062 EDGES
STEP 06borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- French décimal is adapted into English as decimal.
- MEANING
- The “of tenths/base ten” meaning remains transparent.
STEP 06semantic specializationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern dime preserves the older spelling while English pronunciation developed to /daɪm/.
- MEANING
- A general tenth-part or tithe word is applied specifically to a coin worth one tenth of a dollar.
“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.The reviewed graph does not yet attach a source-reported or directly inspected witness to this canonical form.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE