NODE / 0183attestedLatin
decem
ten
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- SENSE
- ten cardinal
- FAMILY
- Indo-European / Italic
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:9:decem:attested:sense:ten-cardinal
Latin continuation of the Indo-European numeral.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
GO DEEPERinheritedestablished
Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European prehistory · ten cardinal*dekm̥
ten
- SOUND
- Latin decem regularly continues the centum-language form of Indo-European *dekm̥.
- MEANING
- The numeral meaning “ten” remains stable.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Proto-Indo-European prehistory to attested Latin.
- SCHOLAR
- American Heritage Indo-European Roots
- CONFIDENCE
- established — The Latin and Indo-European numeral relationship is securely comparative.
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
DESCENDANTordinal derivationestablished
Latin · Latin antiquity · tenth ordinaldecimus
tenth
- SOUND
- Latin decimus is the ordinal formation corresponding to decem.
- MEANING
- The cardinal “ten” becomes ordinal “tenth.”
- SCHOLAR
- Merriam-Webster Editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established
DESCENDANTderivationestablished
Latin · Latin antiquity · tenth part tithedecima
a tenth part; tithe
- SOUND
- Latin decima is a substantivized feminine form in the decimus/decem family.
- MEANING
- The cardinal “ten” supplies a named tenth part or tithe.
- SCHOLAR
- Merriam-Webster Editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established
DESCENDANTcompound derivationestablished
Latin · Latin antiquity · tenth monthDecember
the tenth month
- SOUND
- Latin December is formed on decem “ten” as a month name.
- MEANING
- The numeral ten identifies the tenth month in the early Roman year.
- CHRONOLOGY
- The name predates its later position as month twelve.
- SCHOLAR
- Merriam-Webster Editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 13
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 14
- DEEPEST PATH
- 4
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 4
HISTORICAL STEP 013 EDGES
STEP 01ordinal derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin decimus is the ordinal formation corresponding to decem.
- MEANING
- The cardinal “ten” becomes ordinal “tenth.”
STEP 01derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin decima is a substantivized feminine form in the decimus/decem family.
- MEANING
- The cardinal “ten” supplies a named tenth part or tithe.
STEP 01compound derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin December is formed on decem “ten” as a month name.
- MEANING
- The numeral ten identifies the tenth month in the early Roman year.
HISTORICAL STEP 025 EDGES
STEP 02derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin decimāre is derived from the tenth/ordinal family.
- MEANING
- “Tenth” becomes the action “take or select a tenth.”
STEP 02derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Medieval Latin decimālis is formed from Latin decima with an adjectival suffix.
- MEANING
- A tenth part or tithe becomes “pertaining to tenths.”
STEP 02borrowing via competing routesprobable
- SOUND
- The Latin month name reaches Middle English through Old English or Anglo-French transmission; the exact route is not resolved by the reviewed source.
- MEANING
- The named tenth month is retained as the last/twelfth month after calendar reordering.
STEP 02romance developmentestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French disme and dime continue Latin decima through regular Romance reduction and spelling change.
- MEANING
- The tenth-part and tithe meaning remains central.
STEP 02inflectional derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin decima is the feminine form of decimus.
- MEANING
- The ordinal adjective “tenth” is substantivized as a tenth part or tithe.
HISTORICAL STEP 034 EDGES
STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- English decimate is formed on the Latin past-participial stem decimāt-.
- MEANING
- The exact selection or taxation of a tenth broadens within English to drastic reduction or destruction.
STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Medieval Latin decimālis passes into French décimal with Romance sound development.
- MEANING
- The learned mathematical and proportional sense remains tied to tenths.
STEP 03orthographic continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English Decembre is respelled December under renewed Latin influence and standardized capitalization.
- MEANING
- The month identity remains while its calendar position is twelfth.
STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English dime adapts Anglo-French disme or dime, including loss of the written consonant in the simplified form.
- MEANING
- The meaning remains a tenth part or tithe.
HISTORICAL STEP 042 EDGES
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- French décimal is adapted into English as decimal.
- MEANING
- The “of tenths/base ten” meaning remains transparent.
STEP 04semantic specializationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern dime preserves the older spelling while English pronunciation developed to /daɪm/.
- MEANING
- A general tenth-part or tithe word is applied specifically to a coin worth one tenth of a dollar.
“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.The reviewed graph does not yet attach a source-reported or directly inspected witness to this canonical form.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE