Reviewed dossiers resolved from the request.
MULTI-WORD EVIDENCE LAB
PAIRWISE LAB ↗THE QUESTION THE GRAPH WAS BUILT TO ANSWER2–8 WORDS
CONNECT
THE WHOLE
FAMILY.
Ask how several words are related. *SET-U computes pairwise shortest paths, then builds a compact spanning forest from cited lexical edges. A shared person or text may bridge islands, but it is never mislabeled as ancestry.
Distinct forms in the spanning evidence network.
Distinct cited lexical relationships used.
Distinct bibliographic records supporting this view.
ONE REVIEWED NETWORK4 lexical branches · 0 context bridges
01
THE SPANNING EVIDENCE FOREST
4 BRANCHES CONNECT THE RESOLVED WORDS
REVIEWED LEXICAL PATH
3 EDGESlief ↔ liufs
01
Dutch · Present-day Dutch
attestedlief
dear, sweet, kind; substantivized, a beloved person
historical continuation
Dear, beloved, pleasant, and kind remain within the inherited adjective’s semantic range.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Middle Dutch lief continues into modern Dutch lief with stable spelling and later standardization of pronunciation and inflection.
Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal editors · N. van Wijk · establishedlief — Algemeen Nederlands Woordenboek · Adjective and noun sections: spelling, inflection, word formation, pronunciation ↗OPEN EDGE 287 ↗02
Middle Dutch · Middle Dutch
attestedlief
dear, beloved, pleasant
inheritance
The adjective preserves the sense dear, beloved, or pleasing.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Middle Dutch lief reflects the West Germanic continuation of reconstructed *leubaz, including the diphthong history represented by Dutch ie and final f.
N. van Wijk · Guus Kroonen · probableEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic · s.v. *leubaz, Germanic adjective family ↗OPEN EDGE 288 ↗03
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic reconstruction
reconstructed*leubaz
dear, beloved, pleasing
inheritance
The sense dear or beloved remains stable in the surviving biblical uses.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Proto-Germanic *eu is reflected as Gothic iu; the stem-final fricative appears as f in the normalized nominative liufs and as b in manuscript inflections such as liuba and liubans.
Guus Kroonen · Wilhelm Streitberg · Project Wulfila editors · probableEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic · s.v. *leubaz, Gothic liufs ↗OPEN EDGE 291 ↗REVIEWED LEXICAL PATH
4 EDGESlieb ↔ liufs
01
German · Present-day German
attestedlieb
dear, beloved, kind, pleasant, welcome
historical continuation
The inherited field of dear, beloved, pleasing, and welcome remains productive, with later kind or well-behaved uses in particular contexts.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Middle High German liep continues into modern German lieb through regular final devoicing in pronunciation and later spelling standardization.
Dudenredaktion · establishedlieb — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft · Modern adjective senses; Herkunft: mittelhochdeutsch liep ↗OPEN EDGE 294 ↗02
Middle High German · Middle High German
attestedliep
dear, beloved, pleasing
inheritance
The adjective remains centered on what is dear, beloved, or pleasing.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Old High German liob develops into Middle High German liep with the inherited diphthong and High German obstruent pattern reflected in the historical spellings.
Dudenredaktion · establishedlieb — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft · Herkunft: mittelhochdeutsch liep, althochdeutsch liob ↗OPEN EDGE 295 ↗03
Old High German · Old High German
attestedliob
dear, beloved, pleasing
inheritance
The adjective preserves the sense dear, beloved, or pleasing.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Old High German liob reflects the West Germanic continuation of reconstructed *leubaz, with the inherited diphthong and consonant represented in the daughter form.
Dudenredaktion · Guus Kroonen · probableEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic · s.v. *leubaz, German lieb and Germanic adjective reflexes ↗OPEN EDGE 296 ↗04
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic reconstruction
reconstructed*leubaz
dear, beloved, pleasing
inheritance
The sense dear or beloved remains stable in the surviving biblical uses.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Proto-Germanic *eu is reflected as Gothic iu; the stem-final fricative appears as f in the normalized nominative liufs and as b in manuscript inflections such as liuba and liubans.
Guus Kroonen · Wilhelm Streitberg · Project Wulfila editors · probableEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic · s.v. *leubaz, Gothic liufs ↗OPEN EDGE 291 ↗REVIEWED LEXICAL PATH
6 EDGESLiebe ↔ liufs
01
German · Present-day German
attestedLiebe
love; strong affection; a beloved person
historical continuation
The inherited abstract noun remains centered on affection while broadening across personal, religious, and object-directed uses.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Middle High German liebe continues into modern German Liebe with capitalization of the noun and standardization of spelling and pronunciation.
Dudenredaktion · establishedLiebe — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft · Herkunft: mittelhochdeutsch liebe; modern noun senses ↗OPEN EDGE 282 ↗02
Middle High German · Middle High German
attestedliebe
favor, affection, love
inheritance
Love, favor, pleasure, and affection remain overlapping parts of the semantic field.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Old High German liubī develops into Middle High German liebe through regular High German vowel and ending development.
Dudenredaktion · Rosemarie Lühr · establishedLiebe — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft · Herkunft: mittelhochdeutsch liebe, althochdeutsch liubī ↗OPEN EDGE 283 ↗03
Old High German · Old High German, attested from the tenth century
attestedliubī
love, affection, esteem, pleasure, favor
inheritance
The abstract meaning remains love, affection, esteem, or pleasure.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Old High German liubī reflects the reconstructed Germanic feminine abstract formation *leubīn, with inherited diphthong and later High German reshaping.
Rosemarie Lühr · probableEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic · s.v. Germanic love family ↗OPEN EDGE 284 ↗04
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic reconstruction
reconstructed*leubīn
love; affection as an abstract noun
derivation
A broad root meaning care for, desire, or love yields a noun for affection and pleasure.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Germanic *leubīn is an abstract-noun formation within the *lewbʰ- desire-and-care family.
Rosemarie Lühr · Guus Kroonen · University of Texas LRC · probableIndo-European Lexicon: *leubh- · Pokorny etymon leubh- and Indo-European reflex table ↗OPEN EDGE 285 ↗05
Proto-Indo-European · c. 4500–2500 BCE
reconstructed*lewbʰ-
to love, desire, care for
inheritance
A broad field of caring, desiring, and loving develops the adjective sense dear, beloved, or pleasing.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Proto-Germanic *leubaz continues the *lewbʰ- family with Germanic *b corresponding to Indo-European *bʰ and adjective-stem formation.
Guus Kroonen · University of Texas LRC · probableEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic · s.v. *leubaz and the Germanic love family ↗OPEN EDGE 289 ↗06
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic reconstruction
reconstructed*leubaz
dear, beloved, pleasing
inheritance
The sense dear or beloved remains stable in the surviving biblical uses.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Proto-Germanic *eu is reflected as Gothic iu; the stem-final fricative appears as f in the normalized nominative liufs and as b in manuscript inflections such as liuba and liubans.
Guus Kroonen · Wilhelm Streitberg · Project Wulfila editors · probableEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic · s.v. *leubaz, Gothic liufs ↗OPEN EDGE 291 ↗REVIEWED LEXICAL PATH
7 EDGESliufs ↔ love
01
Gothic · Gothic biblical tradition
attestedliufs
dear, beloved
inheritance
The sense dear or beloved remains stable in the surviving biblical uses.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Proto-Germanic *eu is reflected as Gothic iu; the stem-final fricative appears as f in the normalized nominative liufs and as b in manuscript inflections such as liuba and liubans.
Guus Kroonen · Wilhelm Streitberg · Project Wulfila editors · probableEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic · s.v. *leubaz, Gothic liufs ↗OPEN EDGE 291 ↗02
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic reconstruction
reconstructed*leubaz
dear, beloved, pleasing
inheritance
A broad field of caring, desiring, and loving develops the adjective sense dear, beloved, or pleasing.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Proto-Germanic *leubaz continues the *lewbʰ- family with Germanic *b corresponding to Indo-European *bʰ and adjective-stem formation.
Guus Kroonen · University of Texas LRC · probableEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic · s.v. *leubaz and the Germanic love family ↗OPEN EDGE 289 ↗03
Proto-Indo-European · c. 4500–2500 BCE
reconstructed*lewbʰ-
to love, desire, care for
inheritance
Desire, approval, care, and affection overlap across daughter languages.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Germanic reflects the inherited root with regular treatment of PIE *bʰ and a different vowel grade.
Pokorny · Mallory & Adams · probableLeiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series · Germanic volume ↗OPEN EDGE 5 ↗04
Proto-Germanic · c. 500 BCE
reconstructed*lubō
love
inheritance
The central sense remained stable.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
A regular West Germanic continuation with final-vowel and inflectional reshaping.
Kroonen 2013 · probableEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic · Germanic love family ↗OPEN EDGE 4 ↗05
Proto-West Germanic · c. 200 BCE–600 CE
reconstructed*lubu
love
inheritance
The affective core remained stable.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
West Germanic medial /b/ developed a fricative realization represented by Old English ⟨f⟩.
Kroonen · comparative Germanic evidence · probableBosworth–Toller: lufu · lufu ↗OPEN EDGE 3 ↗06
Old English · before 725–c. 1150
attestedlufu
love, affection, friendliness
inheritance
Religious, familial, erotic, and social senses continued.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Final unstressed -u was lost; Old English intervocalic ⟨f⟩ had a voiced realization [v].
Middle English Dictionary editors · establishedMiddle English Dictionary: love n. · love n. ↗OPEN EDGE 2 ↗07
Middle English · c. 1150–1500
attestedlove / luve
love, affection, beloved person
inheritance
Inherited noun and verb expanded into preference, devotion, and address.
SOUND + EVIDENCE
Spelling stabilized around love while the short stressed vowel continued into modern English.
OED · Merriam-Webster · establishedLove — Word History · Word History ↗OPEN EDGE 1 ↗03
WHAT THIS VIEW PROVES
COMPACT DOES NOT MEAN CERTAIN
Every resolved pair is searched through the undirected reviewed graph, bounded at 12 edges.
Cited ancestry, borrowing, derivation, and semantic continuation paths are preferred over historical-context bridges.
The shortest available pair paths are greedily selected until each connectable word belongs to one network.
This is a compact evidence view, not a claim that scholarship has one uniquely minimal family tree.