Proto-Germanic *eu is reflected as Gothic iu; the stem-final fricative appears as f in the normalized nominative liufs and as b in manuscript inflections such as liuba and liubans.
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP RECORD
COVERAGE LEDGER ↗EDGE / 0291inheritanceprobable
A CLAIM
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A relationship—not a generated explanation. Both endpoints, every editorial field, every citation, and every dossier reuse are preserved below.
liufs
dear, beloved
OPEN NODE 300 ↗DESCENDS FROM→
PARENT / EARLIER FORM / reconstructedProto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic reconstruction · dear beloved adjective*leubaz
dear, beloved, pleasing
OPEN NODE 298 ↗01
THE COMPLETE RELATIONSHIP
EVERY FIELD, NOT A FAIRY TALE
The sense dear or beloved remains stable in the surviving biblical uses.
Proto-Germanic prehistory to the fourth-century Gothic translation tradition and early-sixth-century manuscript.
Guus Kroonen · Wilhelm Streitberg · Project Wulfila editors
probable — The inflectional alternation is manuscript-attested; the Proto-Germanic parent and phonological staging are reconstructed.
reviewed
02
CITATION REGISTER
SOURCES ON THIS EDGE
Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanics.v. *leubaz, Gothic liufs
contextAUDIT SOURCE ↗ORIGINAL ↗Supplies the reconstructed Germanic parent of the Gothic adjective.
Lemma *liufs — Gothic dictionaryLemma *liufs; occurrences liuba, liuban, liubans, liubin, liubai
supportsAUDIT SOURCE ↗ORIGINAL ↗Documents the normalized lemma and 33 manuscript-linked inflected occurrences.
Gothic Bible word analysis — Mark 1:11Mark 1:11, token liuba; Streitberg 1910 p. 85
supportsAUDIT SOURCE ↗ORIGINAL ↗Links an actual Codex Argenteus token to the liufs lexeme and displays the f/b stem alternation.
03
EDITORIAL REUSE