*SET-U

CANONICAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

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NODE / 0300attestedGothic

liufs

PRONUNCIATION /liufs/

dear, beloved

DATE
Gothic biblical tradition
SENSE
dear beloved adjective
FAMILY
Indo-European / East Germanic
CANONICAL KEY
node:34:liufs:attested:sense:dear-beloved-adjective

The pronunciation is a broad normalized reading, not a recording. This citation form represents a manuscript-attested lexeme; Project Wulfila lists 33 inflected occurrences including liuba, liuban, liubans, liubin, and liubai.

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ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

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GO DEEPERinheritanceprobable
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic reconstruction · dear beloved adjective

*leubaz

dear, beloved, pleasing

SOUND
Proto-Germanic *eu is reflected as Gothic iu; the stem-final fricative appears as f in the normalized nominative liufs and as b in manuscript inflections such as liuba and liubans.
MEANING
The sense dear or beloved remains stable in the surviving biblical uses.
CHRONOLOGY
Proto-Germanic prehistory to the fourth-century Gothic translation tradition and early-sixth-century manuscript.
SCHOLAR
Guus Kroonen · Wilhelm Streitberg · Project Wulfila editors
CONFIDENCE
probable — The inflectional alternation is manuscript-attested; the Proto-Germanic parent and phonological staging are reconstructed.
Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germaniccontexts.v. *leubaz, Gothic liufs

Supplies the reconstructed Germanic parent of the Gothic adjective.

ORIGINAL ↗
Lemma *liufs — Gothic dictionarysupportsLemma *liufs; occurrences liuba, liuban, liubans, liubin, liubai

Documents the normalized lemma and 33 manuscript-linked inflected occurrences.

ORIGINAL ↗
Gothic Bible word analysis — Mark 1:11supportsMark 1:11, token liuba; Streitberg 1910 p. 85

Links an actual Codex Argenteus token to the liufs lexeme and displays the f/b stem alternation.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 291 ↗
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DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

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No reviewed descendants currently reuse this node. Absence describes the graph, not the entire history of the form.

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TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

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UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
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REVIEWED EDGES
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DEEPEST PATH
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MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
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“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

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RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

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EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

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01liufsliufs · established