*SET-U

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6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONS

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THE GRAPH.

Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.

WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT

Imported dictionary evidence

SOURCE-IMPORTED · UNREVIEWED

These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.

35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset

PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL

5 source sections across 1 headword matching “Me”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.

Open the permanent entry for me →
meEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text

From Middle English me, from Old English mē (“me”, originally dative, but later also accusative, supplanting accusative mec), from Proto-West Germanic *miʀ, from Proto-Germanic *miz (“me”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁me- (“me”). Cognate with Scots me, North Frisian me, Saterland Frisian mie, Dutch me, mij, Low German mi, German mir (dative only), Icelandic mér (also still dative), Latin mē, Ancient Greek μέ (mé), ἐμέ (emé), Sanskrit मा (mā), all meaning “me”.

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
meEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text

From Middle English me, from Old English mē (“me”, originally dative, but later also accusative, supplanting accusative mec), from Proto-West Germanic *miʀ, from Proto-Germanic *miz (“me”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁me- (“me”). Cognate with Scots me, North Frisian me, Saterland Frisian mie, Dutch me, mij, Low German mi, German mir (dative only), Icelandic mér (also still dative), Latin mē, Ancient Greek μέ (mé), ἐμέ (emé), Sanskrit मा (mā), all meaning “me”.

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
meEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text

A spelling representing the pronunciation (/miː/), which is the older pronunciation (see Middle English mi (“my”); Middle English me (“me”) was pronounced /meː/, similar to modern May); the Great Vowel Shift in the Middle Ages changed /iː/ to /aɪ/, but some dialects retained or reinnovated /iː/ in this word.

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
meEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text

From mi (“third note of a major scale”) + -e (“flat”), from Glover's solmization, Italian mi in the solmization of Guido of Arezzo, from the first syllable of Latin mīra in the lyrics of the scale-ascending hymn Ut queant laxis by Paulus Deacon.

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
meEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text

From Middle English me, an unstressed phonetic reduction of men, man (pronouns; q. v.). Compare German man (“one, you”, indefinite pronoun).

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗

From Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Extraction source · CC-BY-SA-4.0. Selected source text is reformatted for display; language and section identity are retained.

Source dump: 2026-10-01 · Extraction: 2026-10-30. These dates identify a dump snapshot, not an individual page revision.

Snapshot checksums and coverage
SOURCE SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
CORPUS SHA-256
c4c2a77325141846709230e11c2959332acd630d53e52905b72d36211251b081
IMPORT RUN
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
SUBSET SELECTION
English-only: shortest normalized query first, then binary lexical order; complete word-language and case-variant groups only. This is a bounded online subset, not the full acquired corpus.

INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY

More sources for this spelling

These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.

Browse the independently attributed sources →
72REVIEWED RESULTS
12WORD DOSSIERS
12HISTORICAL NODES
12SOURCES
24CLAIMS
12WITNESSES
01

MODERN ENTRY POINTS

WORD DOSSIERS

12
nounhistorical-form prefix

emoticon

A keyboard-character sequence depicting a facial expression, posture, emotion, or attitude; an English compound of emotion and icon.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
nounhistorical-form prefix

emotion

Feeling or affect; borrowed through French from a Latin movement family and first used in English for disturbance, agitation, or social movement.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
noun combining formcontrarian claim

-logy

A bound English word element used in formations involving discourse or expression and in names of doctrines, theories, sciences, and fields of study.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
onomastic compound elementcontrarian claim

-rīx

An attested Gaulish second member meaning “king” or “prince,” visible in compound personal names such as Dumnorix and Vercingetorix and inherited from Proto-Celtic *rīx-s.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
nouncontrarian claim

December

The twelfth month in the modern calendar; its inherited Latin name literally identifies it as the tenth month.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
German masculine nounhistorical form

Feind

The modern German noun for a personal, political, military, or ideological enemy or opponent. Duden derives it through Middle High German vīnt or vīant and Old High German fīand, literally the hating one; DWDS dates Old High German fīant and fījant to the eighth century and identifies the Germanic ancestor as a petrified substantivized present participle. Grimm’s dictionary independently compares Gothic fijands, Old English fēond, English fiend, Dutch vijand, and Nordic forms, while warning that its own still-deeper foam hypothesis required confirmation. The reviewed route therefore follows the inherited enemy noun to reconstructed *fi(j)and- and *fi(j)ēn-, then treats *peh₁- as proposed and stops.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
German masculine noundossier summary

Freund

German Freund continues Middle High German vriunt and Old High German friunt. DWDS/Pfeifer, Duden, and Grimm independently analyze the inherited Germanic formation as a substantivized present participle of the verb represented by Gothic frijōn and Old English frēogan: historically a loving or favorably disposed one. The record is semantically wider than a modern close companion: the historical dictionaries also document neighbor, relative, lover, ally, supporter, patron, address, and euphemistic uses. The graph joins the High German line to the same reviewed *frijōnd- and *frī- nodes as English friend, keeps *prī- proposed, and stops.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
German masculine nouncontrarian claim

Hass

The modern German noun for intense aversion, rejection, or hostility toward a person, group, or institution. Duden traces Middle and Old High German haʒ to suffering, sorrow, and resentment and records the 1996 spelling change from Haß to Hass. DWDS/Pfeifer reports the Old High German noun from the eighth century and places it in the Germanic family of Old Saxon heti, Old English hete, Old Norse hatr, Gothic hatis, and related forms. Grimm’s DWB preserves a more complicated semantic record: hostile pursuit or action, anger expressed in deeds, ordinary hostile disposition, and even measured rivalry during friendly competition. The reviewed route reuses *hatiz- and the qualified *ḱh₂d-es- / *ḱeh₂d- comparison, then stops.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
nouncontrarian claim

Liebe

The German noun for love, inherited through Middle and Old High German and a Germanic abstract-noun formation distinct from the immediate noun ancestry of English love.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
nounhistorical form

adverb

A grammatical class commonly modifying verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, phrases, clauses, or sentences; the English term continues Latin adverbium.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
nouncontrarian claim

aguacate

The Spanish word for the avocado tree and fruit, borrowed from Nahuatl āhuacatl, whose historical records include both fruit and testicle senses.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
nouncontrarian claim

algebra

A mathematical discipline whose English name travels through Medieval Latin from Arabic al-jabr, restoration or completion.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
02

ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY

HISTORICAL FORMS

12
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European

*meue-

to push away

DATE
Indo-European prehistory
MATCH
historical-form prefix
DOSSIERS
2
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European

*dhoigh-o-

formed or kneaded mass

DATE
Proto-Indo-European suffixed o-grade formation
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
1
*
Middle Chinese (reconstructed reading) / Sino-Tibetan

*drae

tea; name of a plant

DATE
Middle Chinese reconstruction
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
5
*
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European

*fi(j)ēn-

a reconstructed verb meaning hate or be hostile toward

DATE
Proto-Germanic reconstruction
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
14
*
Old High German / Indo-European

*hezzen

a reconstructed weak verb meaning chase or persecute

DATE
reconstructed Old High German bridge
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
1
*
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European

*kuninga-

king; lineage-member title formation

DATE
Proto-Germanic
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
1
*
Old Chinese (reconstructed) / Sino-Tibetan

*lˤra

name of a plant

DATE
Old Chinese reconstruction
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
7
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European

*peh₁-

a proposed base associated with harm, blame, suffering, or hate

DATE
proposed Proto-Indo-European base
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
14
*
Proto-Eskimo / Eskimo-Aleut

*qan(ə)-

to go or come near

DATE
deeper Proto-Eskimo analysis
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
1
*
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European

*rēdan

condition or arrangement family also associated with counsel

DATE
Proto-Germanic
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
0
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European

*skei-

cut, split; proposed source of a discern > know development

DATE
Proto-Indo-European prehistory
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
7
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European

*wer-dho-

something spoken; word

DATE
Proto-Indo-European suffixed full grade
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
5
03

WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED

CLAIMS & DISPUTES

24

SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12

openprobableposition text

Did -rīx mean exactly “king” in every compound name?

Not necessarily. The king or prince value is secure for the element, but scholarship distinguishes names where it is determinative from analyses in which it is semantically bleached or intensifying. Each host therefore requires its own compositional claim.

openproposedposition text

Is the deepest *peh₁- route established?

No. The Germanic verb and lexicalized agent formation are firmer than the proposed Indo-European comparison, whose formal intermediates and semantic unity remain reconstructive.

openprobableposition text

Can the lexicalization of one who hates as enemy be dated to one exact event?

No unique event is known. Cross-branch evidence places it before the recorded daughter languages, but no text records the prehistoric lexicalization moment.

openproposedposition text

Was the original meaning hostile pursuit or suffering and sorrow?

Unresolved. DWB argues for hostile pursuit or persecution as the original center; Duden glosses the origin as suffering, sorrow, and resentment; DWDS foregrounds hostile disposition, resentment, and enmity.

openprobableposition text

Is the exact Proto-Germanic noun *hatiz- or *hataz?

The noun is reconstructed, and published notation reflects stem alternation and analytical choices. Koch prints *hataz ~ *hatiz- while Merriam-Webster foregrounds *hatiz-.

openprobableposition text

Does the English record begin in the 13th or 14th century?

The reviewed reports differ. Etymonline gives an early-thirteenth-century algorism; Merriam-Webster gives a fourteenth-century first-known-use horizon.

openprobableposition text

Did English algorism arrive through French or directly from Medieval Latin?

The sources preserve both channels. Merriam-Webster names Middle French and Medieval Latin; Etymonline emphasizes Old French from Medieval Latin.

openprobableposition text

Does the English record begin in the 13th or 15th century?

The reviewed source reports differ. Etymonline gives mid-thirteenth-century arsmetike; Merriam-Webster gives a fifteenth-century first-known-use horizon.

openproposedposition text

Is the deepest counting root *h₂rei- or *erei-dhmo- from *re-?

The references use different levels and notations: Merriam-Webster derives the Greek base through *h₂rei-, while Etymonline prints an expanded *erei-dhmo- formation tied to *re-.

openproposedposition text

Which Aboriginal language supplied boomerang?

Dharug bumarin and a Dharawal bou-mar-rang form are published candidates, but the Australian National Dictionary Centre says the exact source language remains uncertain.

openproposedposition text

Does boy securely descend from a word for ox hide?

No. American Heritage offers a possible chain through a fettered person, fetter, Latin restraint collar, and Greek ox hide; Oxford labels the origin unknown.

openproposedposition text

Does the Éigse line certainly use cais once for love and once for hatred?

Not certainly. eDIL tentatively translates "mo chais is cais 'na agaid" as "my love ... is met by hatred(?)" and prints a question mark on the second reading.

CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12

RANK 2GRADE Aranked reveal

Truth began with firmness and fidelity.

Before truth centered factual correspondence, its family named what was firm, faithful, and steadfast.

RANK 4GRADE Acontrarian claim

Humility is an earth-and-lowness metaphor.

Latin humus “ground” produced humilis “low,” then humilitās “lowness,” before the moral virtue.

RANK 6GRADE Acontrarian claim

Evidence became a thread you could follow.

Old English cliewen was a ball of thread; the labyrinth metaphor turned it into guidance through uncertainty.

RANK 7GRADE Aranked reveal

Nice crossed from ignorance to approval.

Latin nescius “ignorant” became foolish or wanton, then fastidious and precise, and finally pleasant or kind.

RANK 8GRADE Aranked reveal

Etymology calls itself the “true account.”

Greek ἔτυμος “true, real” joined -λογία “account or study”; even that truth-word reaches a reconstructed root.

RANK 9GRADE Aranked reveal

The most repeated origin story is not the most rigorous answer.

Mapuche ancestry is a serious, evidenced proposal—but current RAE and a historical Spanish argument keep the deeper source genuinely open.

RANK 10GRADE Aranked reveal

Andean neighbors need not be linguistic cousins.

Alpaca comes from Aymara while llama comes from Quechua: the words travel through Spanish from different families.

RANK 11GRADE Acontrarian claim

It was never humanity’s universal ancient name for spiritual practitioners.

English globalized a specific Evenki term through European scholarship and applied it to many unrelated traditions.

RANK 12GRADE Aranked reveal

A Turkish word is not proof of who invented the food.

English yogurt is Turkish yoğurt, probably related to yoğur- “knead”; the origin of fermented milk is a different historical question.

04

BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES

SOURCES

12
historical dictionary12 CLAIM LINKS

girle — Middle English Dictionary

Middle English Dictionary Editors / 2026

citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
historical dictionary11 CLAIM LINKS

Middle English Dictionary — fẹ̄nd, n.

Middle English Dictionary Editors / 2026

citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
historical dictionary7 CLAIM LINKS

Middle English Dictionary — frẹ̄nd, n.

Middle English Dictionary editors / 2026

citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
historical dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS

-rē̆de(n suffix — Middle English Dictionary

Robert E. Lewis et al. · Frances McSparran et al. / 2001

citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
historical dictionary4 CLAIM LINKS

Kin n. — Middle English Dictionary

Robert E. Lewis et al. · Frances McSparran et al. / 2001

citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
historical dictionary4 CLAIM LINKS

Kīnd(e adj. — Middle English Dictionary

Robert E. Lewis et al. · Frances McSparran et al. / 2001

citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
historical dictionary3 CLAIM LINKS

King n. — Middle English Dictionary

Robert E. Lewis et al. · Frances McSparran et al. / 2001

citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
historical dictionary3 CLAIM LINKS

Kīnde n. — Middle English Dictionary

Robert E. Lewis et al. · Frances McSparran et al. / 2001

citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
historical dictionary3 CLAIM LINKS

Middle English Dictionary: etimologie n.

Middle English Dictionary Editors / 2026

citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
scholarly article3 CLAIM LINKS

Nota sull’etimologia di germanico *kuningaz

Marcello Meli / 1996

citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
digital corpus2 CLAIM LINKS

English prose works of Richard Rolle: a selection

Carl Horstman, editor · Middle English Compendium Editors / 1896

citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
historical dictionary2 CLAIM LINKS

Humblen — Middle English Dictionary entry and citations

Middle English Dictionary Editors / 2026

citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
05

FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS

ATTESTATION WITNESSES

12
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Metres of Boethius, Nero as a wicked person

fēond / fēond / early Old English, source-reported

Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026witness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use

Merriam-Webster first-known-use report

bride / bride / before the 12th century

Bride — Definition, Word History, and First Known Usewitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for king

king / king / before the 12th century

King — definition, etymology, and first known usewitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for kin

kin / kin / before the 12th century

Kin — definition, etymology, and first known usewitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for kind as a noun

kind / kind / before the 12th century

Kind — definition, etymology, and first known usewitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for kindred as a noun

kindred / kindred / before the 12th century

Kindred — definition, etymology, and first known usewitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Merriam-Webster report of kynrædan

cynræden / cynrēde / kindred / late Old English, unique inflected form

Kindred — definition, etymology, and first known usewitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hate as a verb

hate / hate / before the 12th century

Hate — definition, etymology, and first known usewitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use

Merriam-Webster source-reported Old English record

lagu / law / before the 12th century

Law — Word Historywitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use

Merriam-Webster source-reported Old English record

sealt / salt / before the 12th century

Salt — Definition, Word History, and First Known Usewitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use

Merriam-Webster source-reported Old English record

lecgan / lay / before the 12th century

Lay — Definition, Word History, and First Known Usewitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hate as a noun

hate / hate / 12th century

Hate — definition, etymology, and first known usewitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗
06

SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF

EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.

Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.