*SET-U

CANONICAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

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NODE / 0932reconstructedProto-Indo-European

*dhoigh-o-

TRANSLITERATION *dhoigh-o-

formed or kneaded mass

DATE
Proto-Indo-European suffixed o-grade formation
SENSE
dough o grade formation
FAMILY
Indo-European
CANONICAL KEY
node:6:dhoigh-o:reconstructed:sense:dough-o-grade-formation

The root appendix identifies this specific formation behind Germanic *daigaz.

*

This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.

01

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

1
GO DEEPERmorphological derivationestablished
Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European centum form · form build root

*dheigh-

to form; build

SOUND
The suffixed o-grade *dhoigh-o- is built on *dheigh-, to form or build.
MEANING
A concrete kneaded mass specializes the general forming action.
SCHOLAR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
CONFIDENCE
established
Indo-European Root: dheigh-supportsdheigh- root heading and dough formation

Analyzes the noun formation under the root.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 930 ↗
02

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

1
03

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

4

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
4
REVIEWED EDGES
4
DEEPEST PATH
4
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
1
dough4 connected nodes
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE
STEP 02inheritanceestablished
Proto-Germanic*daigaz→Old English · Old Englishdāgdough
SOUND
Old English dāg reflects reconstructed Proto-Germanic *daigaz.
MEANING
The kneadable mass meaning continues in the Germanic noun family.
Merriam-Webster Editors · Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 928 ↗
Indo-European Root: dheigh- · dheigh-: Old English dāg from Germanic *daigaz ↗Dough — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: Old English dāg from Germanic *daiga- ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE
STEP 03continuationestablished
Old Englishdāg→Middle English · Middle Englishdoghdough
SOUND
Middle English dogh continues Old English dāg through the recorded English sound and spelling history.
MEANING
The dough meaning is retained.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 927 ↗
Dough — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: Middle English dogh from Old English dāg ↗Dough — American Heritage Dictionary · Etymology: Middle English dogh from Old English dāg ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 041 EDGE
STEP 04continuationestablished
Middle Englishdogh→Present-Day English · before the 12th century–todaydougha kneadable flour-and-liquid mixture
SOUND
Middle English dogh develops into modern dough with later spelling stabilization while the inherited vowel history produces /oʊ/.
MEANING
The kneadable flour mass remains the lexical center; money is a later slang extension.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 926 ↗
Dough — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology and First Known Use ↗Dough — American Heritage Dictionary · Middle English dogh from Old English dāg ↗

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

04

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

0
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.

That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.

05

EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

1
05dough*dhoigh-o- · established