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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Luke”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
LukeEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
From Latin Lūcās, from Koine Greek Λουκᾶς (Loukâs). See the Greek entry for more.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗lukeEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
From Middle English leuȝke, leuk, leuke, lewk, lewke, louk, luk, luke, lheuc, probably from Old English *hlēoc beside hlēow- (whence lew); compare rēoc and rēow, slēac and unslēaw, etc. Alternatively, perhaps from a verb, Old English *hlēowcian, *hlīewcian (“to make tepid or lukewarm”), whence possibly Middle English leuken (“to make lukewarm”). Compare also Dutch leuk (“lukewarm”), West Frisian lûk (“sly, clever”), Low German luuk (“lively, cheerful", also "lukewarm, dull, indifferent”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024012
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
Gothic class-III weak-verb lemmacontrarian claim
hatan
A Gothic weak verb conventionally glossed hate, represented by exactly two currently reported corpus tokens: hatandane in Luke 1:71 and hatandans in Luke 6:27. Both are present participles; no surviving token writes the normalized infinitive. Their translation behavior defeats a one-word gloss: Luke 1 uses fijandam for enemies and hatandane for those hating, while Luke 6 uses hatandans for enemies and fijandam for those hating. Project Wulfila keeps class-III hatan separate from class-I hatjan, Braune calls the forms conjugational fluctuation, Orel publishes a reconstructed class-III alternation, and Sturtevant argues that the hatan shape may instead be a specifically Gothic secondary formation.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic class-I weak-verb lemmadossier summary
hatjan
A Gothic weak verb meaning hate, represented by exactly one verified corpus token: the present participle hatjandam in Matthew 5:44. Project Wulfila lemmatizes that token as class-I hatjan, while the parallel Luke 6:27 command uses class-III hatandans from hatan. Braune treats the two shapes as conjugational fluctuation; Orel and the current corpus keep distinct formations visible. The normalized infinitive, the written participle, and the reconstructed parent are therefore never collapsed.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗020
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
No reviewed record in this collection contains “luke.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
037
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 5
openprobableposition text
Are fijan and hatan perfect synonyms?
They overlap, but the surviving corpus does not prove identity. In Luke 1 fijandam supplies enemies and hatandane those hating; in Luke 6 hatandans supplies enemies and fijandam those hating. Sturtevant uses their association in a formal argument without proving interchangeable semantics everywhere.
openprobableposition text
Does the Luke lexical swap resolve the remaining 21 noun-participle candidates?
No. Luke 1:71 and 6:27 show that fijan and hatan can exchange the work of enemies and those hating, but those two contextual alignments do not determine every other fijand- token.
openprobableposition text
Are hatan and fijan perfect synonyms?
They overlap in the Gothic hate field, but the surviving passages do not prove total synonymy. Luke 1 uses fijandam for enemies and hatandane for those hating; Luke 6 reverses those constructional roles. Sturtevant treats semantic association as relevant to formal association, not as proof that every sense and construction was identical.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does fijan map one-to-one to Greek miseō, hate?
No. Verbal contexts commonly translate Greek miseō, but the shared fijand- formation also corresponds to Greek echthros, enemy. Luke 1:71 and Luke 6:27 even reverse the constructional work done by fijan and hatan.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does hatan map one-to-one to Greek miseō, hate?
No. Luke 1:71 aligns hatandane with Greek misountōn, those hating, but Luke 6:27 aligns hatandans with echthrous, enemies. A dictionary gloss cannot replace verse-level lexical alignment.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 2
RANK 29GRADE Aranked reveal
One Gothic hate verb survives once—in a command to do good to those who hate you.
Project Wulfila’s only verified hatjan token is hatjandam in Matthew 5:44, directly visible on Codex Argenteus folio 3v. A parallel “love your enemies” command in Luke 6:27 instead uses hatandans from class-III hatan. The translation gloss “hate” therefore hides a genuine grammatical and historical dispute.
RANK 31GRADE Aranked reveal
Gothic’s two hate verbs trade places across two passages.
The complete surviving hatan corpus contains only hatandane in Luke 1:71 and hatandans in Luke 6:27. In Luke 1, fijandam supplies enemies while hatandane supplies those hating; in Luke 6, hatandans supplies enemies while fijandam supplies those hating. Both Codex Argenteus pages are directly inspected. The lexical swap—and the class-III versus class-I dispute—cannot be represented by one timeless translation arrow.
0410
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
research database12 CLAIM LINKS
Gothic Bible word analysis — Luke 1:71, hatandane
Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database12 CLAIM LINKS
Gothic Bible word analysis — Luke 6:27, hatandans
Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source9 CLAIM LINKS
Codex Argenteus facsimile 145 — folio 123r, Luke 1:69–77
Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online / 1927
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source7 CLAIM LINKS
Codex Argenteus facsimile 186 — folio 143v, Luke 6:25–30
Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online / 1927
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source3 CLAIM LINKS
Codex Argenteus facsimile 228 — folio 164v, Luke 10:17–21
Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online / 1927
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source2 CLAIM LINKS
Codex Argenteus facsimile 157 — folio 129r, Luke 3:5–9
Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online / 1927
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database2 CLAIM LINKS
Gothic Bible word analysis — Luke 3:7, hatiza
Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database2 CLAIM LINKS
Gothic Bible word analysis — Luke 6:22, fijand
Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database1 CLAIM LINKS
Gothic Bible word analysis — Luke 10:19, fijandis
Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database1 CLAIM LINKS
Gothic Bible word analysis — Luke 1:74, fijande
Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, Luke 3:7
hatis / hatis / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 157 — folio 129r, Luke 3:5–9reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:71
hatan / hatan / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 145 — folio 123r, Luke 1:69–77reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:27
hatan / hatan / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 186 — folio 143v, Luke 6:25–30reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:71
fijan / fijan / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 145 — folio 123r, Luke 1:69–77reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:27
fijan / fijan / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 186 — folio 143v, Luke 6:25–30reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, Luke 1:74
fijands / fijands / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 145 — folio 123r, Luke 1:69–77reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Codex Argenteus, Luke 10:19
fijands / fijands / early 6th century
Codex Argenteus facsimile 228 — folio 164v, Luke 10:17–21reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Argenteus, Luke 14:26
fijan / fijan / early 6th-century witness, source-reported
Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventoryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Argenteus, Luke 16:13
fijan / fijan / early 6th-century witness, source-reported
Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventoryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:14
fijan / fijan / early 6th-century witness, source-reported
Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventoryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:22
fijan / fijan / early 6th-century witness, source-reported
Gothic Bible word analysis — Luke 6:22, fijandreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Argenteus, Luke 6:35
fijan / fijan / early 6th-century witness, source-reported
Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventoryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
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Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.