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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL3 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Ich”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
IchEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
From German Ich. Doublet of ego, I, and ich.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗ichEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Middle English ich, from Old English iċ, iċċ (“I”, pronoun), from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ik, *ek (“I”, pronoun), from Proto-Indo-European *eǵh₂óm (“I”). See also ch-, I.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗ichEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Clipping of ichthyophthiriasis.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024- IchMiddle English · word_ich_pron
Ich, pron. I, S, S2, S3, C2; icc, S; ik, P; hic, S; hy, S2; ic, S; ih, S: ihc, S; y, S, W, W2. Comb.: ichabbe, I have, S2; icham, I am, S2; ichaue, I have, S2; icholle, I will, S2; ichcholle, S2; ichulle, S2, S; ichim, I
Read the full source record → - IchMiddle English · word_ich_adj
Ich, adj. each, S, S2; see Eche.
Read the full source record → - IchMiddle English · e-10625-additions-82
Source section: Additions and Corrections. This separately printed note may duplicate a correction already integrated in the source dictionary. Ich, adj. each, S, S2; see Eche.
Read the full source record →
0111
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
German masculine nouncontrarian claim
Hass
The modern German noun for intense aversion, rejection, or hostility toward a person, group, or institution. Duden traces Middle and Old High German haʒ to suffering, sorrow, and resentment and records the 1996 spelling change from Haß to Hass. DWDS/Pfeifer reports the Old High German noun from the eighth century and places it in the Germanic family of Old Saxon heti, Old English hete, Old Norse hatr, Gothic hatis, and related forms. Grimm’s DWB preserves a more complicated semantic record: hostile pursuit or action, anger expressed in deeds, ordinary hostile disposition, and even measured rivalry during friendly competition. The reviewed route reuses *hatiz- and the qualified *ḱh₂d-es- / *ḱeh₂d- comparison, then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
aguacate
The Spanish word for the avocado tree and fruit, borrowed from Nahuatl āhuacatl, whose historical records include both fruit and testicle senses.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Middle Irish nouncontrarian claim
cais
eDIL separates two Irish headwords written cais. The first, also recorded as caise, is explicitly explained both as love and as hate; its cited passages and glossary equations range from searc and grádh "love" to miscais and mioscais "hatred", with context deciding individual readings. One Éigse line is tentatively translated so that the same visible form occurs on both sides: "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark matters. The second eDIL headword cais means "eye" and is excluded from this semantic lineage. These records establish a remarkable lexicographic opposition, not one timeless essence, a chronology from love to hate, or proof that every occurrence belongs to one historically indivisible sense. John T. Koch compares the noun with Proto-Celtic *katsi- < *kad-t/si- and a wider *kad- family, but that ancestry and its proposed Germanic comparison remain open. eDIL itself generally supplies etymologies only selectively. No manuscript pixels were directly inspected, no earliest-use or historical-frequency claim is made, and no exact pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
etymon
A technical English noun for an earlier source form, a foreign donor, or a base used in composition or derivation.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon class-II weak verbdossier summary
hatōn
The normalized Old Saxon weak-verb lemma hatōn is supported by a four-locus dictionary inventory: Heliand 1451 writes infinitive hatan in manuscript M and haton in manuscript C; Heliand 4915 writes genitive-plural present-participial hatandiero in M and hettendero in C; manuscript C supplies preterite hatoda at Heliand 5423; and GlG supplies infinitive haton aligned with Latin odisse. Those are six witness readings at four cited loci, not six independent lexemes or four manuscripts. The first Munich infinitive and the Munich hatandiero locus were directly inspected. The category problem is deeper than spelling: Köbler also indexes the Heliand 4915 forms under the separate agent noun hėttiand, enemy. The record therefore exposes the exact point where a live participial form and a lexicalized enemy noun overlap. It does not prove that pursue was the root meaning, that every enemy hates, or that every indexed form belongs unambiguously to one synchronic category.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon masculine i-stem noundossier summary
heti
Old Saxon heti is an attested noun, not a reconstructed Proto-Germanic form. Köbler prints the normalized citation form hėti* with a trailing asterisk, then gives three cited lexical loci whose inflections produce five witness readings: accusative singular heti at Heliand 1322 in manuscripts M, C, and V; dative singular heti at Genesis 60; and genitive singular hetias in the tenth-century Saxon Confession. No nominative singular appears in that inventory, but the exact surface heti is visibly written in Munich Cgm 25. The directly inspected Heliand line places the noun in the Beatitudes, where righteous people endure rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi, powerful men's hostility or persecution and hostile speech. The Saxon Confession instead places hetias beside malice, envy, and slander among confessed wrongs. Those contexts establish a range broader than one private feeling without proving that persecution was the prehistoric root meaning. Fulk and Köbler analyze the Old Saxon comparison as an i-stem; Pfeifer describes the wider Germanic noun as an old es/os-stem, so the inherited morphological account remains public rather than falsely harmonized.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon adjectivedossier summary
hōti
Old Saxon hōti is a normalized adjective headword supported by three Heliand loci and five reported witness readings: nominative plural hotie in manuscript M and huotia in C at line 5183; accusative singular hotean in M and huotian in C at line 5246; and nominative singular huoti in C at line 5285. The Munich forms hotie and hotean are directly visible in Cgm 25 scans 150 and 152; the three Cotton readings remain source-reported. Köbler nevertheless prints hōti* with a trailing star, so the mark cannot be reduced to “no nominative exists”: the same entry explicitly reports nominative huoti. The deeper genealogy splits. UT groups hōti with the inherited hate family under Pokorny's k̑ād- “hate, displeasure, uneasiness”; Köbler cross-references hatōn as a headword but gives the adjective a distinct etymology through Germanic *hwōtja- beside *hwōtō “threat” and Pokorny's *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- complex “bore, prick, stab,” whose wider reflexes include whetting and inciting. The graph preserves both lanes. It does not turn hostile intent into a timeless essence, infer exact pronunciation from spelling, or pretend that a dictionary cross-reference settles ancestry.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
legend
A traditional story or explanatory inscription, descended from Latin “things to be read.”
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
rich
Having wealth, abundance, value, or intensity; continuing a medieval convergence of English and French forms from a Germanic power word.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
sauna
The English name of a Finnish steam bath, borrowed from Finnish sauna; its deeper Finnic history is secure enough to reconstruct, while a proposed ancient Germanic source remains actively qualified.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
μυς
The Modern Greek anatomical word for muscle, continued from Ancient Greek μῦς, which could name both a mouse and a body muscle.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗026
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*rīkja-
powerful, rich, kingly
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic horizon
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
legendus
that which is to be read
- DATE
- Latin
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
rich
wealthy, abundant, valuable, or intense
- DATE
- before 12th century–today
- MATCH
- transliteration
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
riche
wealthy, powerful, rich
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- transliteration
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old French / Indo-European
riche
rich, wealthy
- DATE
- Old French
- MATCH
- transliteration
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Present-Day English / Indo-European
sauna
a Finnish-style steam bath or the room in which it is taken
- DATE
- 1881–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0321
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableposition text
Did -rīx mean exactly “king” in every compound name?
Not necessarily. The king or prince value is secure for the element, but scholarship distinguishes names where it is determinative from analyses in which it is semantically bleached or intensifying. Each host therefore requires its own compositional claim.
openproposedposition text
Which Aboriginal language supplied boomerang?
Dharug bumarin and a Dharawal bou-mar-rang form are published candidates, but the Australian National Dictionary Centre says the exact source language remains uncertain.
openprobableposition text
Exactly which Romance language handed the word to English?
French and Italian stages are both central in reference accounts; a single linear donor route can overstate the surviving evidence.
openprobableposition text
Did fía become fjá at one exactly recoverable moment?
No exact date or complete phonetic sequence is established. Zoëga calls fía the early form and ONP cross-references it, which supports a historical surface relation but not a point event.
openproposedposition text
Is *hwōtja- securely derived from *hwōtō in that direction?
Not from the located evidence. Köbler says compare the noun *hwōtō “threat,” which establishes a proposed relationship but not a fully demonstrated direction of formation.
openprobableposition text
Which Eastern Algonquian language directly supplied moose?
The family source is secure, but related Massachusett moos and Eastern Abenaki mos do not by themselves identify one unique direct donor.
openprobableposition text
Does persōna securely mean a mask through which sound passes?
No secure reviewed etymology derives it as Latin per plus sonāre. The historical sources instead report a probable Etruscan connection and treat the origin as difficult.
openprobableposition text
Which medieval channel delivered regal into English?
The Latin source is secure, but the immediate channel remains plural in the reviewed authorities: American Heritage gives Old French, while Merriam-Webster allows Anglo-French or Latin.
openprobableposition text
Did rich reach Middle English only through Old English or only through French?
The shared deep ancestry is secure, but the immediate medieval history is convergent: Merriam-Webster foregrounds Old English, while American Heritage explicitly gives both Old French and Old English.
openprobableposition text
Which Turkic language directly supplied Russian чай?
Vasmer lists several Turkic comparanda and routes but does not reduce them to one uniquely established immediate donor.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does āhuacatl prove that the fruit was named after a testicle?
No. The historical dictionaries establish that one Nahuatl word had fruit and anatomical senses; they do not establish which sense came first or motivated the other.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the word commemorate an abstract concept or a person?
It ultimately reflects a geographic personal name, “the Khwārizmian,” which became attached to transmitted arithmetic.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 9
RANK 48GRADE Aranked reveal
Old Saxon hate crosses from verb into enemy noun inside one manuscript locus.
Köbler assigns hatōn four cited loci, but the evidence is not four neat tokens. Heliand 1451 alone varies between Munich hatan and Cotton haton. At Heliand 4915, Munich hatandiero and Cotton hettendero are indexed twice: under the verb as present-participial forms and under hėttiand as the lexicalized agent noun enemy. The Munich hatan and hatandiero pixels are directly inspected. The reveal is therefore grammatical, not mystical: one written formation sits at the boundary between haters and enemies. It does not prove that every enemy hates, that pursue was the first meaning, or that the four-locus dictionary count represents four manuscripts.
RANK 49GRADE Aranked reveal
The token is attested even though the dictionary headword wears an asterisk.
Köbler heads the Old Saxon noun hėti* but lists written accusative and dative heti plus genitive hetias beneath it. The exact Munich Heliand token is directly visible in the clause rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi. The dictionary count three also hides a second distinction: it means three lexical loci, while Heliand 1322 survives with M, C, and V readings, producing five reported witness readings across the dossier. The star therefore belongs to an editorial headword layer; it does not erase the attested surface or turn Old Saxon into Proto-Germanic. The visible Heliand context is endured hostility or persecution, while the Saxon Confession groups hetias with malice, envy, and slander. Even the inherited grammar stays open: Fulk and Köbler use an i-stem analysis, whereas Pfeifer calls the wider noun an old es/os-stem.
RANK 50GRADE Aranked reveal
The hostile adjective may belong to whet and threat, not hate—and its starred lemma still has a nominative.
Köbler's Old Saxon entry reports five written readings at three Heliand loci, including nominative hotie, huotia, and huoti, yet heads the entry hōti*. The asterisk therefore cannot be explained away as “no nominative survives.” More radically, the sources split at the root. UT groups hōti with hatōn and heti under the inherited hate etymon k̑ād-. Köbler's same entry cross-references hatōn but reconstructs a different *hwōtja- adjective beside *hwōtō “threat” and Pokorny's *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- family of boring, pricking, sharpening, whetting, and inciting. Munich hotie and hotean are directly visible in contexts of hostile minds and hostile intent; Cotton huotia, huotian, and huoti remain source-reported. The unveiling is not “hostility secretly means sharpened hate.” It is that rigorous etymology sometimes reveals two irreconcilable maps where a flat dictionary would print one arrow.
RANK 51GRADE Aranked reveal
Care, grief, funerals, and in-laws occupy one Greek noun—but hate does not secretly mean care.
LSJ's κῆδος entry moves through care and concern, anxiety and grief, troubles, mourning and funeral rites, an object of care, and connection by marriage. Homeric κήδεʼ can be many-troubled woes; Aeschylus can make Helen an object of care while playing on marriage affinity. Comparative sources then place the noun beside Celtic and Germanic hatred words under *ḱh₂d-es- and *ḱeh₂d-. The reveal is not a mystical reversal in which hate “really” means care. Merriam-Webster calls the semantic relations far from transparent, Liberman challenges the wider family's unity, and the Greek evidence itself resists a single linear story.
RANK 70GRADE Aranked reveal
The viral “it means testicle” story overclaims a real fact.
Nahuatl āhuacatl is documented with both avocado and testicle senses. The dictionaries establish polysemy and transmission through Spanish—not which sense named the other.
RANK 75GRADE Aranked reveal
The anatomical avocado story is both true and overstated.
Nahuatl āhuacatl is historically recorded with fruit and testicle senses. That establishes polysemy—not which sense named the other.
RANK 108GRADE Acontrarian claim
Rich was powerful—and its ancestor crossed from Celtic into Germanic.
Old English rīce meant strong or powerful. Germanic *rīkja- was borrowed from Celtic *rīg-yo-, in the same king branch that produced royal and rājā.
RANK 135GRADE Aranked reveal
Humiliate is historically to make low.
Late Latin humiliāre means to make low or humble and grows from humilis, low or near the ground, which is formed from humus, earth. Modern shame and loss of dignity sit on that lowering history.
RANK 198GRADE A-ranked reveal
The adjective came before the modern noun shape.
German lieb descends through Middle High German liep and Old High German liob. Liebe is an abstract noun within the same older family, not the source from which lieb was clipped.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary35 CLAIM LINKS
Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — FEÓGAN
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichý / 2014
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary26 CLAIM LINKS
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — feónd
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichy / 2014
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary21 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — fjándi
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary20 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — FRÆNDI
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference20 CLAIM LINKS
Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: A
John Aldrich et al. / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary19 CLAIM LINKS
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — freónd
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichy / 2014
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference17 CLAIM LINKS
Celtic, chapter 9 of The Indo-European Language Family
Anders Richardt Jørgensen / 2022
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — fjá
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — hatr
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · Sampo Silvennoinen digital edition / 1874
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly database13 CLAIM LINKS
Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction, Version 1.1
William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart / 2014
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary12 CLAIM LINKS
HETE — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichý / 2014
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary12 CLAIM LINKS
girle — Middle English Dictionary
Middle English Dictionary Editors / 2026
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints DECIMAL in the head phrase DECIMAL Fraction and begins its mathematical definition.
decimal / decimal / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints ETYMOLOGY as a headword and defines it as the part of grammar concerned with words’ origins and true signification.
etymology / etymology / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A passage about the crystalline lens in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses the inflected English form collects while describing how the lens gathers and refracts rays.
collect / collect / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A banking-exchange passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses Salary for the banker’s compensation.
salary / salary / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old Dutch Willeram, beloved companion and friend
friunt / vriend / circa 1100, source-reported
Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vriendwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Iwein, best friend
vriunt / Freund / circa 1200, source-reported
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — Freundwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Early New High German proverb record
Haß / hasz / Hass / 1560
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hasz, m.witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Agricola, Sprichwörter
hassen / hassen / 1560
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hassenwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Goethe, Faust I, Marthe on social order
Freund / Freund / 1808, source-reported
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — Freundwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
G. Callaway, Fellowship of Veld, source-reported by DSAE
ubuntu / ubuntu / 1926
Ubuntu, nounwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Max Frisch, Homo faber
hassen / hassen / 1957 literary record, source-reported
DWDS — hassen, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeiferwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Calfa aggregation of historical Armenian dictionary witnesses
ստոյգ / ստոյգ / Classical Armenian lexical tradition
Ստոյգ, ուգաց — Enriched Dictionaries of Armenianreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.