*SET-U

GRAPH-WIDE SEARCH

MEASURE THE GRAPH ↗

NOT JUST A DICTIONARY LOOKUP

6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONS

SEARCH
THE GRAPH.

Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.

WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT

Imported dictionary evidence

SOURCE-IMPORTED · UNREVIEWED

These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.

35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset

PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL

4 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Lie”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.

Open the permanent entry for Lie →Open the permanent entry for lie →
LieEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
lieEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text

From Middle English lien, liggen, from Old English liċġan, from Proto-West Germanic *liggjan, from Proto-Germanic *ligjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-. Cognates Cognate with Yola lee, lidge (“to lie”), North Frisian lade, lai, laie, lei, lii, läde, läie (“to lie; to lay”), Saterland Frisian lääse (“to lie; to lay”), West Frisian lizze (“to lie”), Alemannic German ligge (“to lie”), Central Franconian lijje (“to lie”), Dutch and Dutch Low Saxon liggen (“to lie”), German liegen (“to lie”), German Low German ligge, liggen (“to lie”), Luxembourgish leien (“to lie”), Yiddish ליגן (lign, “to lie”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål ligge (“to lie”), Faroese and Icelandic liggja (“to lie”), Norwegian Nynorsk ligge, liggja, liggje (“to lie”), Swedish ligga (“to lie”), Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ligan, “to lie, to rest”); and with Irish laigh, luigh (“to lie”), Manx lhie (“lie; lay”), Scottish Gaelic laigh (“lie; lay”), Faliscan 𐌋𐌄𐌂𐌄𐌕 (lecet, “he lies down”), Latin lectus (“bed”), South Picene 𐌅𐌄𐌉𐌀𐌕 (veiat, “to lie”), Ancient Greek λέχομαι (lékhomai, “to lie down”), Albanian lag (“band, encampment, troop”), Belarusian ляжа́ць (ljažácʹ, “to lie”), Bulgarian лежа́ (ležá, “to lie”), Czech ležet (“to lie”), Macedonian лежи (leži, “to lie”), Polish leżeć (“to lie”), Russian лежа́ть (ležátʹ, “to lie”), Serbo-Croatian лѐжати, lèžati (“to lie”), Slovene ležáti (“to lie”), Ukrainian лежа́ти (ležáty, “to lie”), Tocharian B lyäk- (“to lie”). As a noun for position, the noun has the same etymology above as the verb.

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
lieEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text

From Middle English lien (“to lie, tell a falsehood”), from Old English lēogan (“to lie”), from Proto-West Germanic *leugan, from Proto-Germanic *leuganą (“to lie”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewgʰ- (“to announce, tell publicly”). Cognates Cognate with Scots lee (“to lie”), North Frisian jooge, leeg, löög (“to lie”), Saterland Frisian ljooge (“to lie”), West Frisian lige (“to lie”), Bavarian liagn (“to lie”), Dutch liegen (“to lie”), German lügen (“to lie”), Luxembourgish léien (“to lie”), Danish lyve (“to lie”), Faroese lúgva (“to lie”), Icelandic ljúga (“to lie”), Norwegian Bokmål juge, lyge, lyve (“to lie”), Norwegian Nynorsk ljuga, ljuge, lyga, lyge (“to lie”), Scanian ljuğa (“to lie”), Swedish ljuga (“to lie”), Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (liugan, “to lie”); also Breton le (“vow”), Cornish li (“oath”), Welsh llw (“oath, pledge, vow; curse, swear word”), Latvian lùgt (“to ask; to request; to seek; to plead; to solicit; to invoke; to desire”), Belarusian ілга́ць (ilhácʹ), лга́ць (lhácʹ, “to lie”), Bulgarian лъжа (lăža, “to lie”), Czech lhát (“to lie”), Kashubian łżec (“to lie”), Macedonian ла́же (láže, “to lie”), Polish łgać (“to lie”), Russian лгать (lgatʹ, “to lie”), Serbo-Croatian ла̀гати, làgati (“to lie”), Slovak luhať (“to lie”), Slovene lagáti (“to lie”).

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
lieEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text

From Middle English lie, from Old English lyġe (“lie”), from Proto-Germanic *lugiz (“lie”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewgʰ- (“to announce, tell publicly”). Cognates Cognate with Saterland Frisian Löägene (“a lie”), Dutch leugen, logen, loogen (“a lie”), German Lug, Lüge, Lügen (“a lie”), German Low German Lögen (“a lie”), Luxembourgish Ligen (“a lie”), Yiddish ליגן (lign, “a lie”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål løgn (“a lie”), Icelandic lygi, lygn (“a lie”), Norwegian Nynorsk lygn, løgn (“a lie”), Swedish lögn (“a lie”); also Bulgarian лъжа́ (lăžá, “а lie”), Czech lež (“a lie”), Russian ложь (ložʹ, “а lie”), Polish łeż (“a lie”), Serbo-Croatian ла̑ж, laž (“a lie”), Slovak lož (“a lie”), Slovene lȃž (“a lie”).

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗

From Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Extraction source · CC-BY-SA-4.0. Selected source text is reformatted for display; language and section identity are retained.

Source dump: 2026-10-01 · Extraction: 2026-10-30. These dates identify a dump snapshot, not an individual page revision.

Snapshot checksums and coverage
SOURCE SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
CORPUS SHA-256
c4c2a77325141846709230e11c2959332acd630d53e52905b72d36211251b081
IMPORT RUN
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
SUBSET SELECTION
English-only: shortest normalized query first, then binary lexical order; complete word-language and case-variant groups only. This is a bounded online subset, not the full acquired corpus.

INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY

More sources for this spelling

These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.

Browse the independently attributed sources →
69REVIEWED RESULTS
12WORD DOSSIERS
12HISTORICAL NODES
9SOURCES
24CLAIMS
12WITNESSES
01

MODERN ENTRY POINTS

WORD DOSSIERS

12
nounheadword prefix

Liebe

The German noun for love, inherited through Middle and Old High German and a Germanic abstract-noun formation distinct from the immediate noun ancestry of English love.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
adjectiveheadword prefix

lieb

The German adjective for dear, beloved, kind, or welcome, inherited through Middle High German liep and Old High German liob from the Germanic adjective branch also represented by Dutch lief and Gothic liufs.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
adjective · nounheadword prefix

lief

The Dutch adjective for dear, sweet, or kind and its substantivized use for a beloved person, inherited through the Germanic adjective branch.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
German masculine nounhistorical form

Feind

The modern German noun for a personal, political, military, or ideological enemy or opponent. Duden derives it through Middle High German vīnt or vīant and Old High German fīand, literally the hating one; DWDS dates Old High German fīant and fījant to the eighth century and identifies the Germanic ancestor as a petrified substantivized present participle. Grimm’s dictionary independently compares Gothic fijands, Old English fēond, English fiend, Dutch vijand, and Nordic forms, while warning that its own still-deeper foam hypothesis required confirmation. The reviewed route therefore follows the inherited enemy noun to reconstructed *fi(j)and- and *fi(j)ēn-, then treats *peh₁- as proposed and stops.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
German masculine nounhistorical form

Hass

The modern German noun for intense aversion, rejection, or hostility toward a person, group, or institution. Duden traces Middle and Old High German haʒ to suffering, sorrow, and resentment and records the 1996 spelling change from Haß to Hass. DWDS/Pfeifer reports the Old High German noun from the eighth century and places it in the Germanic family of Old Saxon heti, Old English hete, Old Norse hatr, Gothic hatis, and related forms. Grimm’s DWB preserves a more complicated semantic record: hostile pursuit or action, anger expressed in deeds, ordinary hostile disposition, and even measured rivalry during friendly competition. The reviewed route reuses *hatiz- and the qualified *ḱh₂d-es- / *ḱeh₂d- comparison, then stops.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
nouncontrarian claim

alpaca

An English animal and fiber word borrowed through Spanish from Aymara allpaqa / allphaqa.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
nounhistorical form

bride

A woman about to be or recently married; inherited from Old English brȳd and directly preserved inside bridegroom.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
Middle Irish noundossier summary

cais

eDIL separates two Irish headwords written cais. The first, also recorded as caise, is explicitly explained both as love and as hate; its cited passages and glossary equations range from searc and grádh "love" to miscais and mioscais "hatred", with context deciding individual readings. One Éigse line is tentatively translated so that the same visible form occurs on both sides: "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark matters. The second eDIL headword cais means "eye" and is excluded from this semantic lineage. These records establish a remarkable lexicographic opposition, not one timeless essence, a chronology from love to hate, or proof that every occurrence belongs to one historically indivisible sense. John T. Koch compares the noun with Proto-Celtic *katsi- < *kad-t/si- and a wider *kad- family, but that ancestry and its proposed Germanic comparison remain open. eDIL itself generally supplies etymologies only selectively. No manuscript pixels were directly inspected, no earliest-use or historical-frequency claim is made, and no exact pronunciation is invented.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
nounhistorical form

candor

Frankness or honest expression, historically a word for brightness, radiance, whiteness, and unstained purity.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
adjectivecontrarian claim

chthonic

Of the underworld or of things in and under the earth; a learned English continuation of the Greek earth family.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
noun · verbhistorical form

clew

A ball of thread, a nautical corner or line, and the older spelling behind clue.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
noun · verbhistorical form

clue

A fact that guides discovery—once literally a ball of thread.

OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗
02

ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY

HISTORICAL FORMS

12
03

WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED

CLAIMS & DISPUTES

24

SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12

resolvedprobableword prefix

Are German Liebe and English love the same immediate inherited noun?

No. Their histories converge deeper in the desire-and-care family, but Old High German liubî is analyzed through Germanic *leubīn while Old English lufu follows the *lubō branch.

resolvedprobableword prefix

Is German lieb a shortened form of Liebe?

No. The adjective descends through Middle High German liep and Old High German liob. The noun Liebe continues a related abstract-noun formation analyzed as deadjectival within the older family.

resolvedprobableword prefix

Did Dutch lief come from English love?

No. Dutch lief is an inherited Germanic adjective cognate with forms including Gothic liufs and German lieb; English love is a separate noun descendant in the same wider family.

openprobableposition text

Can the exact lexicalization date of the loving participle be known?

No. The formation predates the daughter-language records and is already nominal in the earliest High German evidence.

openproposedposition text

Do Celtic cais and Greek κῆδος prove that love and hate share one root?

No. They belong to a disputed wider comparison. Middle Irish cais carries a striking love-and-hatred field, but that does not make German Liebe an ancestor or cognate of Hass.

openproposedposition text

Which Aboriginal language supplied boomerang?

Dharug bumarin and a Dharawal bou-mar-rang form are published candidates, but the Australian National Dictionary Centre says the exact source language remains uncertain.

openprobableposition text

What is the earliest surviving use of cais in either sense?

Not established here. eDIL supplies located citations but the underlying objects and dates were not normalized or directly inspected for an earliest-use audit.

openestablishedposition text

Was emoticon first used in 1987 or only by 1992?

Merriam-Webster reports first known use in 1987; Etymonline reports the word by January 1992 and quotes an August 1992 explanation.

openprobableposition text

Are fijan and hatan perfect synonyms?

They overlap, but the surviving corpus does not prove identity. In Luke 1 fijandam supplies enemies and hatandane those hating; in Luke 6 hatandans supplies enemies and fijandam those hating. Sturtevant uses their association in a formal argument without proving interchangeable semantics everywhere.

openestablishedposition text

What is the exact earliest surviving Danish fjende token?

Not established by the inspected public evidence. Gammeldansk Ordbog reports fiende as known since 1100–1300 but exposes no exact first token on the entry page.

openestablishedposition text

What is the exact earliest surviving fjá token?

Not established here. The reviewed sources supply poem and stanza locations but no directly inspected manuscript object, exact composition date, or uncontested first-use year.

openestablishedposition text

What is the exact earliest surviving fīēn token?

Not established here. AWB supplies a bounded manuscript horizon and edition locators but no single inspected first object or exact year.

CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12

RANK 195GRADE A-ranked-word prefix

German and English took different noun roads to love.

German Liebe follows Old High German liubî and reconstructed *leubīn; English love follows Old English lufu and *lubō. The graph joins them only at the deeper desire-and-care root.

RANK 198GRADE A-ranked-word prefix

The adjective came before the modern noun shape.

German lieb descends through Middle High German liep and Old High German liob. Liebe is an abstract noun within the same older family, not the source from which lieb was clipped.

RANK 199GRADE A-ranked-word prefix

Dutch lief is love’s adjective cousin, not its child.

Dutch lief belongs with Gothic liufs and German lieb in the inherited dear-or-beloved adjective branch. English love is a separate noun route in the same deeper family.

RANK 6GRADE Aranked reveal

Evidence became a thread you could follow.

Old English cliewen was a ball of thread; the labyrinth metaphor turned it into guidance through uncertainty.

RANK 10GRADE Aranked reveal

Andean neighbors need not be linguistic cousins.

Alpaca comes from Aymara while llama comes from Quechua: the words travel through Spanish from different families.

RANK 11GRADE Aranked reveal

It was never humanity’s universal ancient name for spiritual practitioners.

English globalized a specific Evenki term through European scholarship and applied it to many unrelated traditions.

RANK 28GRADE Aranked reveal

German hostile agitation still carries a hound’s chase.

The medieval verb drives dogs after quarry. The same directed-force construction is soon applied to people: Middle High German records set people against one another, and Early New High German polemic sets rulers against Christians. Modern political hetzen is therefore not merely “hate” verbalized; it inherits a grammar of making another actor pursue, pressure, or attack.

RANK 31GRADE Aranked reveal

Gothic’s two hate verbs trade places across two passages.

The complete surviving hatan corpus contains only hatandane in Luke 1:71 and hatandans in Luke 6:27. In Luke 1, fijandam supplies enemies while hatandane supplies those hating; in Luke 6, hatandans supplies enemies while fijandam supplies those hating. Both Codex Argenteus pages are directly inspected. The lexical swap—and the class-III versus class-I dispute—cannot be represented by one timeless translation arrow.

RANK 58GRADE A-ranked reveal

Medieval Hass could be friendly competition.

Grimm’s DWB quotes Erec 2059: riders pursue a hawking contest, friuntlîchen striten, and share a bescheiden haʒ. The dictionary interprets this as rivalry in pursuing a goal. Modern Duden instead centers intense aversion and hostility. The contrast reveals a real historical side meaning without claiming that every medieval use was friendly or that Liebe and Hass share ancestry.

RANK 74GRADE Aranked reveal

Lay and law are cousins; the other lays are strangers.

The set-down verb and law meet at *legh-. Lay the poem and lay meaning non-clerical arrived through different French, Latin, and Greek histories.

RANK 81GRADE Aranked reveal

The etymon is not always the root of the root.

In technical use an etymon may be an earlier form, a foreign loan source, or a derivational word or morpheme—not necessarily the deepest reachable ancestor.

RANK 85GRADE Aranked reveal

“Etymological” did not first mean scientific.

The earliest source-reported French use around 1550 describes names that reveal their “true sense.” The modern adjective’s relation-to-a-discipline sense arrived over a much older truth-seeking metaphor.

04

BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES

SOURCES

9
historical dictionary8 CLAIM LINKS

lieb — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft

Dudenredaktion / 2026

title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
historical dictionary4 CLAIM LINKS

Liebe — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft

Dudenredaktion / 2026

title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
historical dictionary1 CLAIM LINKS

lief — Algemeen Nederlands Woordenboek

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal editors / 2026

title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
etymological dictionary31 CLAIM LINKS

Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vijand

Marlies Philippa · Frans Debrabandere · Arend Quak · Tanneke Schoonheim · Nicoline van der Sijs / 2009

author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
etymological dictionary28 CLAIM LINKS

Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vriend

Marlies Philippa · Frans Debrabandere · Arend Quak · Tanneke Schoonheim · Nicoline van der Sijs / 2009

author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
scholarly reference20 CLAIM LINKS

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: A

John Aldrich et al. / 2026

source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
scholarly dictionary8 CLAIM LINKS

Franck’s Etymologisch Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal — liefhebben, liefde, lief

N. van Wijk, after Johannes Franck / 1912

source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
historical dictionary2 CLAIM LINKS

Bosworth–Toller: cliewen

Bosworth & Toller

source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
historical dictionary1 CLAIM LINKS

smeken — Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal editors / 2000

source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗
05

FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS

ATTESTATION WITNESSES

12
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Lutgart A, as reported by the Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek

lief / lief / 1276–1300

smeken — Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboekattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book

The PESTE entry in the first edition of the Académie française dictionary uses quarantaine for imposed isolation after travel from a place suspected of plague.

quarantaine / quarantine / 1694

Le dictionnaire de l'Académie française. Tome 2 (M–Z), première éditionwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus

Source-reported title phrase in al-Khwārizmī's mathematical work

al-jabr / algebra / c. 825

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: Areporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Old English lexical record

cliewen / clue / Old English period

Bosworth–Toller: cliewenreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Old Dutch Willeram, plural friends addressed

friunt / vriend / circa 1100, source-reported

Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vriendwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Bodleian Homilies cynde quotation in the Middle English Dictionary

kīnde / kind / circa 1175 quotation reported by the Middle English Dictionary

Kīnde n. — Middle English Dictionaryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use

Jean de Stavelot, Chronique

humiliation / humiliation / before 1449 source-reported French record

Humiliation — étymologie et histoirewitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus

Source-reported English record for the algorithm spelling

algorithm / algorithm / 1699

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: Areporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Old High German historical-form record for liob reported by Duden

liob / lieb / Old High German period

lieb — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunftreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Love turning into hate

Hass / Hass / contemporary dictionary example, source-reported

Duden — Hasswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Liège Diatessaron, friend-enemy contrast

viant / vient / vijand / 1291–1300

Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek — VIANT Iwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Old High German Tatian, weeds parable

fīant / fīant / ninth-century Old High German Tatian; edited text

Tatian: Lateinisch und altdeutsch mit ausführlichem Glossar, 2nd ed. — section 72, p. 96witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗
06

SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF

EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.

Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.