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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL6 source sections across 1 headword matching “Cot”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
cotEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Borrowed from Hindi खाट (khāṭ), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀔𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀸 (khaṭṭā), from Sanskrit खट्वा (khaṭvā, “bedstead”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗cotEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Middle English cot, cote, from Old English cot and cote (“cot, cottage”), from Proto-Germanic *kutą, *kutǭ (compare Old Norse kot, Middle High German kūz (“execution pit”)), from Scythian (compare Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “chamber”)). Cognate to Dutch kot (“student room; small homestead”). Doublet of cote; more distantly related to cottage.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗cotEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
From Irish coite, coit (“small boat”), possibly from Medieval Latin cattia (“pan”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗cotEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text
From dialectal cot, cote, partly from Middle English cot (“matted wool”), from Old English *cot, *cotta, from Proto-Germanic *kuttô (“woolen fabric, wool covering”); and partly from Middle English cot, cote (“tunic, coat”), from Old French cote, from the same Germanic source (see English coat). Possibly influenced by English cotton.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗cotEnglish (en) · Etymology 5Source text
Contraction of cot-quean.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗cotEnglish (en) · Etymology 6Source text
Variant of cock
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Chambers (1908)
1908- CotEnglish · e-37683-6200
Cot, kot, n. a small dwelling, a cottage.—ns. Cot′-folk (Scot.), cottars; Cot′-house, a house occupied by a cottar; Cot′-land, land belonging to a cottage; Cot′-quean (Shak.), a man who busies himself with women's affair
Read the full source record → - CotEnglish · e-37683-6201
Cot, kot, n. a small bed: a swinging bed of canvas, suspended from the beams of a ship, for the officers: a bed for a child, a crib. [Anglo-Ind.—Hind. khāt.]
Read the full source record → - CotEnglish · e-37683-6202
Cot, kot, n. a small boat. [Ir.]
Read the full source record →
013
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
Old English strong masculine nd-stem noundossier summary
frēond
Old English frēond is the directly attested source-language noun behind modern friend. OED analyzes it as an inherited strong masculine agent noun in -nd, ultimately a noun use of the present participle of the Germanic base behind free, and documents West Saxon frēond, Northumbrian and Kentish frīond, Kentish frīand, mutated frīend and frȳnd, endingless plurals, and re-formed frēondas. Bosworth–Toller prints freónd and friónd, explicitly links freónde loving to freón or freógan, and supplies examples for companion, ally, relation, friend of God, friend versus foe, and friends acting as arbitrators. OED independently preserves close companion, non-enemy, ally, and kinsman senses in Old English. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV folio 152r was directly inspected at Beowulf 1018, where the pixels visibly preserve freondum in Heorot innan wæs freondum afylled. The route reuses the reviewed *frijōnd-, *frī-, and proposed *prī- nodes and then stops. The displayed pronunciation is a normalized approximation, not a recorded voice.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English strong masculine nd-agent noundossier summary
fēond
An Old English enemy, foe, and Devil noun inherited from the Germanic lexicalized present-participial formation *fi(j)and-. OED’s revised 2026 entry treats fēond and fīond as dialectal Old English forms, documents i-mutated fīend and fȳnd inside the inherited nd-stem inflection, and traces the word through a highly variable Middle English record into modern fiend. Bosworth–Toller supplies the Old English paradigm and examples; the Middle English Dictionary independently reports 188 quotations across eight senses. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV folio 180v was directly inspected at Beowulf 2289, where feondes modifies fotlast, the foe’s footprint.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon adjectivedossier summary
hōti
Old Saxon hōti is a normalized adjective headword supported by three Heliand loci and five reported witness readings: nominative plural hotie in manuscript M and huotia in C at line 5183; accusative singular hotean in M and huotian in C at line 5246; and nominative singular huoti in C at line 5285. The Munich forms hotie and hotean are directly visible in Cgm 25 scans 150 and 152; the three Cotton readings remain source-reported. Köbler nevertheless prints hōti* with a trailing star, so the mark cannot be reduced to “no nominative exists”: the same entry explicitly reports nominative huoti. The deeper genealogy splits. UT groups hōti with the inherited hate family under Pokorny's k̑ād- “hate, displeasure, uneasiness”; Köbler cross-references hatōn as a headword but gives the adjective a distinct etymology through Germanic *hwōtja- beside *hwōtō “threat” and Pokorny's *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- complex “bore, prick, stab,” whose wider reflexes include whetting and inciting. The graph preserves both lanes. It does not turn hostile intent into a timeless essence, infer exact pronunciation from spelling, or pretend that a dictionary cross-reference settles ancestry.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗020
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
No reviewed record in this collection contains “cot.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
0311
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 7
resolvedestablishedposition text
Were the Cotton haton, hettendero, and hatoda readings directly inspected?
No. Köbler reports the C readings and Biblissima supplies manuscript identity and dating, but their exact folio pixels were not located and inspected in this review.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the Cotton manuscript date equal the Heliand composition date?
No. Biblissima dates the copy to the middle or second half of the tenth century; the Heliand work itself is earlier.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Can hatōn be pinned to one exact birthplace?
No. The Heliand’s poetic place of origin is unknown, the Munich manuscript is cataloged with Corvey, the Cotton witness was copied in England, and the gloss object remains unresolved.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Were the Cotton, Vatican, Genesis, and Saxon Confession objects directly inspected?
No. Their readings are source-reported through Köbler or the Academy dictionary; no exact primary-object pixels were inspected for those four rows.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Were Cotton huotia, huotian, and huoti directly inspected?
No. All three are source-reported through Köbler; the Cotton manuscript is cataloged separately, but no exact page pixels were inspected for these tokens.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Can hōti be pinned to one exact birthplace?
No. Heliand's place of poetic origin is unresolved, and the Munich and Cotton objects belong to different transmission settings.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are Greek mouse and muscle merely accidental homonyms?
The reviewed Liddell–Scott entry treats μῦς as one lexical entry with both rodent and body-muscle senses, and Modern Greek explicitly derives both learned senses from Ancient Greek.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 4
RANK 34GRADE Aranked reveal
The Devil entered English as the Enemy—and the enemy was a fossilized hater.
OED’s revised history identifies fiend as an inherited Germanic noun made from the present participle of the hate verb. Old English fēond meant enemy and foe as well as Devil; OED explains Satan as the ultimate Enemy and marks the literal enemy sense obsolete after the medieval period. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV still visibly preserves feondes in a concrete foe’s-footprint scene at Beowulf 2289.
RANK 48GRADE Aranked reveal
Old Saxon hate crosses from verb into enemy noun inside one manuscript locus.
Köbler assigns hatōn four cited loci, but the evidence is not four neat tokens. Heliand 1451 alone varies between Munich hatan and Cotton haton. At Heliand 4915, Munich hatandiero and Cotton hettendero are indexed twice: under the verb as present-participial forms and under hėttiand as the lexicalized agent noun enemy. The Munich hatan and hatandiero pixels are directly inspected. The reveal is therefore grammatical, not mystical: one written formation sits at the boundary between haters and enemies. It does not prove that every enemy hates, that pursue was the first meaning, or that the four-locus dictionary count represents four manuscripts.
RANK 50GRADE Aranked reveal
The hostile adjective may belong to whet and threat, not hate—and its starred lemma still has a nominative.
Köbler's Old Saxon entry reports five written readings at three Heliand loci, including nominative hotie, huotia, and huoti, yet heads the entry hōti*. The asterisk therefore cannot be explained away as “no nominative survives.” More radically, the sources split at the root. UT groups hōti with hatōn and heti under the inherited hate etymon k̑ād-. Köbler's same entry cross-references hatōn but reconstructs a different *hwōtja- adjective beside *hwōtō “threat” and Pokorny's *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- family of boring, pricking, sharpening, whetting, and inciting. Munich hotie and hotean are directly visible in contexts of hostile minds and hostile intent; Cotton huotia, huotian, and huoti remain source-reported. The unveiling is not “hostility secretly means sharpened hate.” It is that rigorous etymology sometimes reveals two irreconcilable maps where a flat dictionary would print one arrow.
RANK 56GRADE Aranked reveal
The Old English friend was a loving-agent noun—but not merely a modern intimate.
OED and Bosworth–Toller preserve the morphology behind frēond: an inherited nd-stem formation tied to the verb meaning free or love. The same sources then refuse a slogan-sized definition. Old English uses cover close companion, ally or non-enemy, relation, friend of God, friend versus foe, and friends acting as arbitrators. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV folio 152r visibly preserves freondum in a hall filled with favored people at Beowulf 1018. The unveiling is not that friend secretly means love in every sentence; it is that a loving-agent fossil became a socially versatile noun before modern English existed.
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BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
digitized primary source4 CLAIM LINKS
Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, folio 152r — Electronic Beowulf facsimile
British Library · Kevin Kiernan, editor / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source3 CLAIM LINKS
Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, folio 180v — Electronic Beowulf facsimile
British Library · Kevin Kiernan, editor / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary75 CLAIM LINKS
Altsächsisches Wörterbuch — hatōn and hėttiand
Gerhard Köbler / 2014
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary35 CLAIM LINKS
Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — FEÓGAN
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichý / 2014
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary26 CLAIM LINKS
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — feónd
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichy / 2014
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary23 CLAIM LINKS
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδος
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones · Scaife ATLAS editors / 1940
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary19 CLAIM LINKS
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — freónd
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichy / 2014
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary13 CLAIM LINKS
HETTAN; HETTEND — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary H
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Jonathan Slocum / 1898
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary12 CLAIM LINKS
HATIAN — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary H
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Jonathan Slocum / 1898
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary12 CLAIM LINKS
HETE — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichý / 2014
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary10 CLAIM LINKS
ἔτυμος — A Greek-English Lexicon
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones / 1940
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗manuscript catalog8 CLAIM LINKS
London, British Library, Cotton MS Caligula A VII — Heliand and a charm
The British Library, Polonsky Pre-1200 Project · Biblissima / 975
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗059
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Beowulf manuscript, foe’s footprint
fēond / fēond / late 10th or early 11th century
Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, folio 180v — Electronic Beowulf facsimilereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Beowulf manuscript, Heorot filled with friends
frēond / frēond / late 10th or early 11th century
Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, folio 152r — Electronic Beowulf facsimilereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Iliad, lament and grievous funeral rites
κῆδος / κῆδος / Homeric epic, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Odyssey, care or concern for others
κῆδος / κῆδος / Homeric epic, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Herodotus occurrence reported by the Liddell–Scott entry
μῦς / μυς / c. 430 BCE
μῦς — Liddell and Scott Ancient Greek Dictionaryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Árni’s Christian law, GKS 3270 4° variant
fjándi / fjándi / manuscript dated circa 1350 by ONP
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose citation — fjándi in ÁKr 22witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Aeschylus, Helen as object of care with a marriage-sense play
κῆδος / κῆδος / Classical Athenian tragedy, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Thucydides, contracting a daughter's marriage
κῆδος / κῆδος / Classical Greek historiography, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Pindar, Doric singular variant in a death context
κῆδος / κῆδος / Archaic Greek lyric, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
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Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.