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Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL5 source sections across 2 headwords matching “C”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
CEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
The programming language is so named because it followed on from an earlier language called B.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗CEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
Abbreviations.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗CEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text
Uncertain. Either from Hainanese 鮮 /鲜 (si²³, “fresh”), short for 鮮奶 (“fresh milk”), Malay cair (“melted”) referring to evaporated milk, or an abbreviation of Carnation, a canned milk brand, and historically, one of the most widespread forms of evaporated milk in Singapore.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗cEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Old English lower case letter c, from 7th century replacement by Latin lower case c of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚳ (c, “cen”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗cEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Abbreviations.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
Middle Irish nounheadword prefix
cais
eDIL separates two Irish headwords written cais. The first, also recorded as caise, is explicitly explained both as love and as hate; its cited passages and glossary equations range from searc and grádh "love" to miscais and mioscais "hatred", with context deciding individual readings. One Éigse line is tentatively translated so that the same visible form occurs on both sides: "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark matters. The second eDIL headword cais means "eye" and is excluded from this semantic lineage. These records establish a remarkable lexicographic opposition, not one timeless essence, a chronology from love to hate, or proof that every occurrence belongs to one historically indivisible sense. John T. Koch compares the noun with Proto-Celtic *katsi- < *kad-t/si- and a wider *kad- family, but that ancestry and its proposed Germanic comparison remain open. eDIL itself generally supplies etymologies only selectively. No manuscript pixels were directly inspected, no earliest-use or historical-frequency claim is made, and no exact pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbheadword prefix
calculate
To determine mathematically or estimate, borrowed from a Latin family built around counting with pebbles.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
calculator
A person or device that calculates, inherited from a medieval human-reckoner word and the Latin counting-pebble family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
calculus
A mathematical system, a method of reasoning, or a bodily stone; borrowed from a Latin word for a pebble used in counting.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectiveheadword prefix
candid
Open or frank in modern English, inherited through French and Latin from a family of brightness and whiteness.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
candidate
A person seeking selection or office; ultimately the Roman office-seeker dressed in a bright white toga.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
candor
Frankness or honest expression, historically a word for brightness, radiance, whiteness, and unstained purity.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
chai
In current English, a South Asian-style tea commonly prepared with milk and spices; the word belongs to the overland cha/chay transmission family ultimately derived from Chinese 茶.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb · nounheadword prefix
check
To verify, restrain, mark, or issue a bank draft today; a word whose oldest English history begins with a threatened king in chess.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb · nounheadword prefix
checkmate
An inescapable chess defeat and, figuratively, complete thwarting; a compound transmitted through French, Arabic, and Persian chess language.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
chess
The board game whose English name arrives through French chess vocabulary, with competing scholarly accounts of the deeper Persian and Arabic route.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectiveheadword prefix
chthonic
Of the underworld or of things in and under the earth; a learned English continuation of the Greek earth family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Middle Irish / Indo-European
cais
love; hate, with readings dependent on context
- DATE
- Middle Irish and later Irish dictionary citations
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
calculate
to compute, determine, estimate, or plan
- DATE
- 1542–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
calculator
one who calculates; later especially a calculating machine or electronic device
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
calculus
pebble; counting-board pebble; calculation; account
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 3
Present-Day English / Indo-European
calculus
a mathematical method; a system of reckoning; also a bodily stone
- DATE
- 1666–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
calculāre
to count, reckon, compute
- DATE
- Latin antiquity and Late Latin
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Latin / Indo-European
calculātor
a teacher of arithmetic; a calculating person
- DATE
- Latin antiquity and Late Latin
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Medieval Latin / Indo-European
calculātus
counted, reckoned, computed
- DATE
- Late Latin
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
calkelatour
one who counts or computes; a mathematician
- DATE
- Middle English, 14th–15th centuries
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
calx
lime, limestone
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 3
French / Indo-European
candeur
brightness, purity, innocence, or candor
- DATE
- French
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
candid
open, frank, honest; originally white in English
- DATE
- 1597–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedword prefix
Does the Éigse line certainly use cais once for love and once for hatred?
Not certainly. eDIL tentatively translates "mo chais is cais 'na agaid" as "my love ... is met by hatred(?)" and prints a question mark on the second reading.
openproposedword prefix
Are the opposite readings one polysemous word, merged historical homonyms, or a lexicographic convenience?
eDIL groups them in one headword but does not, by that editorial act alone, settle the full historical relationship among every love and hate occurrence.
openproposedword prefix
Did love develop into hate, hate into love, or both from another meaning?
No reviewed source establishes one direction. The citations show an opposition; they do not date a semantic transition.
openproposedword prefix
Is Proto-Celtic *katsi- the secure direct parent of cais?
Koch publishes the comparison, but the reviewed materials do not expose a complete dated Goidelic derivation or independent consensus sufficient to mark the edge established.
openproposedword prefix
Is *kad-t/si- from *kad- the only defensible deeper analysis?
No. It is a published proposal, not an attested sequence, and the wider cross-branch set remains semantically disputed.
openproposedword prefix
Does cais securely prove cognacy with the Germanic hate family?
No. The Celtic–Germanic comparison is serious enough to display, but the graph keeps it as a context link rather than a genealogical edge because formal and semantic acceptance remain unsettled.
openprobableword prefix
What is the earliest surviving use of cais in either sense?
Not established here. eDIL supplies located citations but the underlying objects and dates were not normalized or directly inspected for an earliest-use audit.
openprobableword prefix
How was historical cais pronounced in each cited period and region?
Not directly recoverable from the reviewed evidence. Written forms and variants do not constitute recorded audio or a complete phonological reconstruction.
openproposedword prefix
Is calculus securely a diminutive of calx “limestone”?
Not securely. The traditional analysis is morphologically and semantically irregular; an alternative links Latin calculus and Greek stone words through a possible shared substrate source.
openproposedword prefix
Does calculator securely descend beyond Latin calculus to calx?
The calculator-to-calculare-to-calculus chain is established, but the traditional calculus-to-calx derivation is proposed. A possible shared Mediterranean substrate source remains a competing route.
openproposedword prefix
Is Latin calculus securely a diminutive of calx?
No. Festus accepted the traditional limestone derivation, but the phonology and meanings are problematic. The edge remains proposed.
openproposedword prefix
Could Latin calculus and Greek káchlēx share a non-Indo-European source?
Yes, as a proposal. Beekes' substrate diagnostics for Greek variants motivate a possible common source, but no form is securely reconstructed.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 5GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Calculation began with a pebble in the hand.
Latin calculus was a small stone used for reckoning before calculation became abstract.
RANK 6GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Evidence became a thread you could follow.
Old English cliewen was a ball of thread; the labyrinth metaphor turned it into guidance through uncertainty.
RANK 69GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Your bank check began as a threat to a king.
Persian šāh becomes a chess warning, French eschec, and English check. Stop and restraint later produce verification and the anti-forgery counterfoil behind the bank draft.
RANK 78GRADE Aranked-word prefix
The maritime rule has a maritime exception.
Portuguese chá crossed through Macao by sea yet belongs to the cha-type family usually associated with overland diffusion. Historical tendencies are not laws.
RANK 94GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Chai is tea returning through another route.
The source-language forms behind English chai ordinarily mean tea. English specialized one returning member of the wider Chinese tea-word dispersal as a particular drink style.
RANK 129GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Chthonic was an earth word before it was an underworld word.
Greek khthonios means of the earth, from khthōn, earth; infernal reference is a specialization of what lies beneath.
RANK 137GRADE A-ranked-word prefix
Middle Irish cais could mean love or hate—and a separate cais meant eye.
eDIL's first numbered cais headword is explicitly explained as both love and hate. Its glossary evidence equates the form with serc and grádh on the love side and miscais or mioscais on the hatred side; cited passages likewise cross the divide. Most strikingly, one Éigse line is tentatively translated "my love ... is met by hatred(?)", placing the same visible form on both sides while preserving the editor's question mark. Then eDIL's second numbered cais headword breaks the spell entirely: it means eye. The unveiling is not that love and hate were secretly identical. It is that written identity, lexicographic grouping, contextual meaning, and historical ancestry are four different claims.
RANK 142GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Conscious began as knowing—including knowing with another.
Latin cōnscius could describe awareness or knowledge shared with another person. English later centered the word on private awareness, wakefulness, and deliberate action.
RANK 166GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Conscience was not always only the moral judge.
The word's recorded family also includes consciousness and awareness. Moral self-judgment became central inside a wider history of knowing.
RANK 174GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Collect almost says its Latin construction aloud.
Latin colligere joins com- with legere: gathering together. Unlike many dramatic semantic reversals, the modern English core remains strikingly close to the historical construction.
RANK 181GRADE A-ranked-word prefix
The king is not securely dead.
The familiar “shāh māt = the king died” translation matches Arabic morphology, but the better-supported historical analysis treats māt as a Persian loan meaning helpless, broken, or at a loss.
RANK 185GRADE Aranked-word prefix
A calculator was a person before it was a device.
Middle English calkelatour named someone who counted or computed. The machine later inherited the human arithmetic agent's title.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary21 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — fjándi
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary20 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — FRÆNDI
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary18 CLAIM LINKS
A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — hete and related entries
John R. Clark Hall / 1916
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference17 CLAIM LINKS
Celtic, chapter 9 of The Indo-European Language Family
Anders Richardt Jørgensen / 2022
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — fjá
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — hatr
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · Sampo Silvennoinen digital edition / 1874
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary11 CLAIM LINKS
Étymologie: étymologie
CNRTL Editors
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical corpus record10 CLAIM LINKS
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in Jurisprudentia Frisica
Corpus Oudfries editors / 2026
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary9 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — hata
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source9 CLAIM LINKS
Codex Argenteus facsimile 145 — folio 123r, Luke 1:69–77
Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online / 1927
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary7 CLAIM LINKS
CNRTL / TLFi: législation — Étymologie et histoire
Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales Editors
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source7 CLAIM LINKS
Codex Argenteus facsimile 186 — folio 143v, Luke 6:25–30
Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online / 1927
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The CHIMES entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses calculate in instructions about clock-chime numbers.
calculate / calculate / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A passage about the crystalline lens in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses the inflected English form collects while describing how the lens gathers and refracts rays.
collect / collect / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A tide passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses check as a verb meaning restrain or impede.
check / check / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Source-reported Latin lexical record
calculus / calculate / Latin antiquity
Calculus — Word History and Etymology Noteattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Latin political and lexical record
candidātus / candidate / Roman antiquity
Corpus of Latin Dictionaries: candidatusattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old English gecynde passage reported by Loureiro-Porto
cynd / gecynd / kind / circa 888 passage reported from Alfred’s Boethius
Pragmatic Markers in World Englishes: Kind of and Sort of as a Case in Pointattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old English lexical record
cliewen / clue / Old English period
Bosworth–Toller: cliewenattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Merriam-Webster report of kynrædan
cynræden / cynrēde / kindred / late Old English, unique inflected form
Kindred — definition, etymology, and first known useattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexical record for the prayer noun
collect / collect / before 12th century
Collect — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexicographic first-use report for check
check / check / 14th century
Check — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexicographic first-use report for chess
chess / chess / 14th century
Chess — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexicographic first-use report for checkmate
checkmate / checkmate / 14th century
Checkmate — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.