NODE / 1262attestedMiddle Irish

cais

TRANSLITERATION cais

love; hate, with readings dependent on context

DATE: Middle Irish and later Irish dictionary citations
SENSE: love hate ambivalent noun
FAMILY: Indo-European / Celtic · Goidelic
CANONICAL KEY: node:91:cais:attested:sense:love-hate-ambivalent-noun

eDIL headword 1 cais, also caise, is explicitly explained both as love and hate. The form belongs to one lexicographic entry; the graph does not infer that every citation has one sense or that the opposite readings developed in one known order.

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

GO DEEPERproposed inheritanceproposed

Proto-Celtic · proposed Proto-Celtic · celtic love hatred proposal

*katsi-

a proposed Celtic formation compared with Middle Irish cais and Old Welsh cas

SOUND: Koch compares Middle Irish cais with Proto-Celtic *katsi-. The reviewed evidence does not publish a complete, dated chain of Goidelic sound changes, so no missing intermediate forms are invented.
MEANING: The attested Irish entry carries both love and hate readings. The reconstruction does not identify which reading is older or prove that the opposition was already present in Proto-Celtic.
CHRONOLOGY: A conventional Proto-Celtic horizon is compared with source-reported medieval and early modern Irish citations.
SCHOLAR: John T. Koch · Royal Irish Academy eDIL editors
CONFIDENCE: proposed — The Celtic comparison is published, but the daughter path is incompletely exposed and the semantic direction remains unknown.

The shortest history of hatred continued and partly concludedchallengesDiscussion of Irish cais and the non-Germanic comparison

Warns that semantic opposition does not by itself secure the wider family.

ORIGINAL ↗

Celto-Germanic — HATRED *kad-supportsp. 101, Proto-Celtic *katsi- and Middle Irish cais

Publishes the proposed Celtic reconstruction and Irish comparison.

ORIGINAL ↗

eDIL — 1 cais, noun explained as both love and hatecontextHeadword 1 cais; forms caise; love and hate explanation

Documents the attested Irish form and its opposite contextual glosses without supplying a full etymology.

ORIGINAL ↗

OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 1233 ↗

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

No reviewed descendants currently reuse this node. Absence describes the graph, not the entire history of the form.

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES: 0
REVIEWED EDGES: 0
DEEPEST PATH: 0
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED: 0

No downstream edge has cleared review for this node. This is a graph-coverage statement, not a claim that the historical form produced nothing.

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

RECORDED EVIDENCE