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START / NODE 1137GothicGothic biblical tradition
hatjan
A Gothic weak verb meaning hate, represented by exactly one verified corpus token: the present participle hatjandam in Matthew 5:44. Project Wulfila lemmatizes that token as class-I hatjan, while the parallel Luke 6:27 command uses class-III hatandans from hatan. Braune treats the two shapes as conjugational fluctuation; Orel and the current corpus keep distinct formations visible. The normalized infinitive, the written participle, and the reconstructed parent are therefore never collapsed.
“One Gothic hate verb survives once—and the surviving token occurs inside a command to do good to those who hate you. A parallel Gospel command uses a different Gothic hate paradigm, so the English gloss hides a real grammatical dispute.”OPEN COMPLETE WORD DOSSIER ↗
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01
PARENT ROUTES1 REVIEWED RELATIONSHIP
Gothichatjan
to hate
↑GO DEEPER
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic*xatjanana reconstructed Germanic weak verb represented by Gothic hatjan, Old English hettan, and Middle High German hetzen
*
RECONSTRUCTED, NOT DIRECTLY ATTESTED
- SOUND CHANGE
- The class-I -j- morphology visible in hatjandam supports the normalized infinitive hatjan and corresponds to the reconstructed *-jan- formation; Gothic h continues the Germanic fricative written x in Orel’s notation.
- SEMANTIC CHANGE
- The surviving Gothic clause means hate. The pursuit sense of Middle High German hetzen is a daughter-branch development and is not projected back as the only Gothic meaning.
- SCHOLAR
- Vladimir Orel · Wilhelm Braune · Project Wulfila editors
- CONFIDENCE
- probable — The Gothic lexeme and participial morphology are manuscript-attested; the Proto-Germanic parent and the exact relationship to class-III hatan are reconstructed and disputed.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Proto-Germanic reconstruction into the fourth-century Gothic translation tradition and early-sixth-century manuscript.
5 CITATIONSA Handbook of Germanic Etymology — *xataz, *xatjanan, and *xatōjananp. 203, *xatjanan: Gothic hatjan, Old English hettan, Middle High German hetzen Lemma hatjan — Gothic dictionary and occurrence inventoryLemma hatjan, class sw.V.1-j and verified occurrence list Gothic Bible word analysis — Matthew 5:44, hatjandamMatthew 5:44, token hatjandam A Gothic Grammar with Selections for Reading and a Glossary — hatan and hatjan§193 note and glossary p. 170, hatjan Grammar of the Gothic Language — glossary entries hatan, hatis, hatizōn, and hatjanGlossary p. 326, hatan and hatjan AUDIT CANONICAL EDGE 1127 ↗
Publishes the comparative class-I weak verb and its branch forms.
ORIGINAL ↗Identifies the Gothic lexeme, its inflection class, and its single verified token.
ORIGINAL ↗Analyzes the written participle as weak masculine dative plural under hatjan.
ORIGINAL ↗Treats hatjan as the class-I shape of a verb fluctuating with class-III hatan and derives it from the hatis stem.
ORIGINAL ↗Lists the class-III and class-I verbs separately under the same modern gloss.
ORIGINAL ↗THE ASTERISK IS A PROMISE
RECONSTRUCTION IS
NOT INSCRIPTION.
Crossing into a starred form changes the evidence class. The interface marks that crossing, preserves confidence, and never manufactures the next root to make the picture look complete.