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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL10 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Min”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
MinEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Egyptian R22:R12-C8 mnw.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗MinEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Mandarin 閩／闽 (Mǐn, “Fujian”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗MinEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
From Mandarin 岷 (Mín).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗MinEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text
From Mandarin 敏 (Mǐn).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗MinEnglish (en) · Etymology 5Source text
This section has no extracted narrative. Its source may contain templates or descendants; no ancestry has been inferred from them here.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗MinEnglish (en) · Etymology 6Source text
This section has no extracted narrative. Its source may contain templates or descendants; no ancestry has been inferred from them here.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗minEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Middle English min, from Old English min (“less; small, mean”), from Proto-West Germanic *minni, from Proto-Germanic *minniz (“less”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“small, little”). Cognate with Scots min (“less, lesser”), West Frisian min (“small, bad”), Dutch min (“less, small”), Low German minn (“small, low, lean”), German minder (“less”), Icelandic minna (“less”), Latin minus (“less”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗minEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
From Middle English min, minne, partly from Old English myne (“mind, intent, desire, love”), from Proto-West Germanic *muni, from Proto-Germanic *muniz (“mind, memory”); and also from Old Norse minni (“memory”), from Proto-Germanic *gaminþiją (“memory, remembrance”); both from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”). Related to Icelandic minni (“memory”), German Minne (“love”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗minEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text
From Middle English minnen, mynnen, from Old Norse minna (“to bring to mind”), from minni (“memory”). See above.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗minEnglish (en) · Etymology 6Source text
Clipping of minoxidil.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024- MinMiddle English · word_min_pron
Min, pron. poss. my, S, S2; myn, S, C2, PP; mi, S, S2; mines, gen., S; mine, dat., S; mire, gen. and dat. f., S; mynen, pl., W2. Phr.: myn one, by myself, alone, PP.—AS. mín.
Read the full source record → - MinMiddle English · word_min_sb
Min, sb. memory, S2; see Mynne.
Read the full source record →
0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
noun combining formhistorical form
-logy
A bound English word element used in formations involving discourse or expression and in names of doctrines, theories, sciences, and fields of study.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗onomastic compound elementhistorical form
-rīx
An attested Gaulish second member meaning “king” or “prince,” visible in compound personal names such as Dumnorix and Vercingetorix and inherited from Proto-Celtic *rīx-s.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine nounhistorical form
Feind
The modern German noun for a personal, political, military, or ideological enemy or opponent. Duden derives it through Middle High German vīnt or vīant and Old High German fīand, literally the hating one; DWDS dates Old High German fīant and fījant to the eighth century and identifies the Germanic ancestor as a petrified substantivized present participle. Grimm’s dictionary independently compares Gothic fijands, Old English fēond, English fiend, Dutch vijand, and Nordic forms, while warning that its own still-deeper foam hypothesis required confirmation. The reviewed route therefore follows the inherited enemy noun to reconstructed *fi(j)and- and *fi(j)ēn-, then treats *peh₁- as proposed and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
boy
A male child or young man; Middle English also used the word for a male servant or churl, and its origin remains disputed.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbdossier summary
calculate
To determine mathematically or estimate, borrowed from a Latin family built around counting with pebbles.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
chai
In current English, a South Asian-style tea commonly prepared with milk and spices; the word belongs to the overland cha/chay transmission family ultimately derived from Chinese 茶.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivehistorical form
etymological
Of, relating to, or based on etymology; an Early Modern English adjective whose exact formation is described differently by major historical dictionaries.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun and adjectivedossier summary
female
A sex-class term borrowed through French from Latin fēmella, a diminutive of fēmina, with its English spelling later remodeled under male.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
fiction
Invented narrative, imaginative creation, pretense, or legal assumption; borrowed through French from Latin fictio, an action of shaping, molding, or feigning.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗English noundossier summary
fiend
An inherited English noun whose earliest recorded sense was enemy or foe, not demon. Old English fēond belonged to a Germanic lexicalized one-who-hates formation; Middle English fẹ̄nd preserved enemy, Satan, demon, possession, and monster senses across extensive spelling variation; modern fiend continues the same English line. OED’s revised 2026 entry marks the literal enemy sense obsolete after the medieval record, explains the Devil as the ultimate Enemy, and documents long-versus-short vowel competition before the long vowel became dominant by the eighteenth century. The Middle English Dictionary independently exposes 188 quotations across eight senses without claiming a complete corpus.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun and verbhistorical form
figure
A shape, representation, symbol, number, person, or act of calculation; borrowed through French from Latin figūra, form or shape.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Dutch masculine noundossier summary
fīunt
Old Dutch fīunt is the normalized headword behind a twenty-six-occurrence historical-dictionary record for enemy or opponent. ONW classifies the noun as synchronically unsegmented but says it was originally the present participle of the verb corresponding to Old High German fīēn and Gothic fijan, a verb no longer known in Dutch. Its frequency table preserves six case-number cells: nominative and genitive singular plus nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative plural. Those are not a complete paradigm. The article displays twenty representative location blocks after warning that locations in the semantic profile have been reduced. Most early Wachtendonck Psalms material is linguistically dated 901–1000 but survives in copies dated 1595–1605, circa 1598, or 1701–1800; no tenth-century manuscript object was inspected. One dfiunt or fiunt gloss aligned with Latin diabolus is textually disputed, and one Groningen psalm gloss is explicitly assigned to Old Frisian by the dictionary. This dossier therefore treats fīunt as a nominal fossil with a partially preserved inflectional record, not as a productive Old Dutch participle or a complete transparent paradigm.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*dhigh-ūrā-
result of forming or kneading
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed zero-grade formation
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*gn̥ə-t-
born or produced; a birth-, nature-, or kind-forming derivative
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed zero grade
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Celtic / Indo-European
*rīx-s
king, nominative singular
- DATE
- Proto-Celtic
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Old French / Indo-European
-al
adjective-forming suffix
- DATE
- Old French period
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Old French / Indo-European
-iser / -izer
verb-forming suffix
- DATE
- Old French period
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Medieval Latin / Indo-European
-izāre
verb-forming suffix
- DATE
- Late and Medieval Latin
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Latin / Indo-European
-logia
learned noun-forming element continuing Greek -logia
- DATE
- Latin and learned Latin
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old French / Indo-European
-logie
learned noun-forming element transmitted into Middle English
- DATE
- Old French
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
-logy
bound element forming nouns of expression, discourse, doctrine, theory, science, or study
- DATE
- Modern English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Medieval Latin / Indo-European
-ātim
distributive adverb-forming suffix
- DATE
- Medieval Latin
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
German / Indo-European
Feind
enemy, adversary, hostile power, enemy force, or determined opponent
- DATE
- German spelling attested in 1483; modern standard headword
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
German / Indo-European
Weib
woman; wife; increasingly discriminatory term
- DATE
- Modern German
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableposition text
Did -rīx mean exactly “king” in every compound name?
Not necessarily. The king or prince value is secure for the element, but scholarship distinguishes names where it is determinative from analyses in which it is semantically bleached or intensifying. Each host therefore requires its own compositional claim.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact lexicalization date of the loving participle be known?
No. The formation predates the daughter-language records and is already nominal in the earliest High German evidence.
openproposedposition text
Is calculus securely a diminutive of calx “limestone”?
Not securely. The traditional analysis is morphologically and semantically irregular; an alternative links Latin calculus and Greek stone words through a possible shared substrate source.
openproposedposition text
Is Latin calculus securely a diminutive of calx?
No. Festus accepted the traditional limestone derivation, but the phonology and meanings are problematic. The edge remains proposed.
openspeculativeposition text
Can one coinage event be named for enemy becoming the Devil?
No unique event is established. OED explains a recurring ultimate-enemy use shaped by Latin hostis and the adversary meaning behind satan, but does not identify one inventor or first metaphorical moment.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact Proto-Germanic pronunciation and lexicalization moment be recovered?
No. *fi(j)and- and *fi(j)ēn- are normalized comparative reconstructions; optional j, branch vowels, and the timing of lexicalization remain analytical.
openprobableposition text
Can the nd-ending alone distinguish enemy from one who hates?
No. Galatians 4:16 nominative fijands functions as the noun enemy, Romans 11:28 accusative fijandans is analyzed as a participle, and Romans 12:9 fiandans takes an accusative object. Twenty-one other corpus tokens remain explicitly lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous.
openprobableposition text
Does the Luke lexical swap resolve the remaining 21 noun-participle candidates?
No. Luke 1:71 and 6:27 show that fijan and hatan can exchange the work of enemies and those hating, but those two contextual alignments do not determine every other fijand- token.
openproposedposition text
Does fīunt securely descend from exactly *peh₁-?
Only as a qualified proposal. The Germanic noun-and-verb relationship is firmer than the displayed Indo-European route, whose notation and semantic framing vary.
openprobableposition text
Do the written endings alone settle the participles’ case and gender?
No. Project Wulfila gives masculine or neuter genitive plural for hatandane and masculine nominative or accusative plural for hatandans. The clauses resolve the contextual readings through syntax and Greek alignment, but the surface forms remain formally syncretic.
openprobableposition text
How should Ephesians 2:3 hatize and hatis be parsed?
The witnesses disagree in form and the analytical layers disagree in labeling. Project Wulfila’s current morphology lists A hatize as genitive plural and B hatis as nominative or accusative singular; Braune calls B hatis a consonantal genitive beside A hatizē, while Streitberg’s later teaching glossary calls genitive hatis erroneous.
openprobableposition text
Does Galatians 5:20 prove hatis always meant explosive anger?
No single verse can establish an invariant meaning. Galatians aligns plural hatiza with Greek thumoi, while other biblical contexts use orgē and Ephesians 4:31 does not permit a clean one-to-one choice. The exact semantic center of ordinary Gothic remains underdetermined by translation texts.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 14GRADE Acontrarian claim
Arithmetic put the “ithm” into algorithm without becoming its ancestor.
Arithmetic carries Greek arithmos “number.” Algorithm carries al-Khwārizmī's name; arithmos influenced its spelling, not its genealogy.
RANK 15GRADE Aranked reveal
The modern stigma of Weib is not the timeless nature of wīb.
Duden marks modern Weib increasingly discriminatory, while Old High German records preserve wīb in old-woman and wife expressions; the deeper origin remains unresolved.
RANK 19GRADE Acontrarian claim
The x of rēx is a whole nominative sound change in one letter.
Latin starts from the bound stem rēg-, adds nominative -s, devoices g to k, and writes the resulting /ks/ as x. Genitive rēgis makes the stem visible—but it is a sibling case form, not an ancestor.
RANK 22GRADE Aranked reveal
Kind is not kin with a d—and kindness did not begin as niceness.
Kind and kin descend through separate Germanic formations and meet only at the deeper birth root. The adjective first carries natural, native, fitting, and proper senses; benevolence becomes prominent through later semantic development.
RANK 47GRADE Aranked reveal
The Old Dutch enemy noun outlived the hate verb that created it.
ONW counts twenty-six fīunt occurrences across six attested case-number cells, yet classifies the noun as synchronically unsegmented and says the corresponding hate verb is no longer known in Dutch. Comparative evidence reconstructs the noun as an old present-participial formation: the hating one. The grammar therefore preserves a fossil in nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative records after Dutch lost the living verb that once made the formation transparent. Six cells are evidence, not a complete paradigm; the early Psalms records survive in later copies; and the lone Devil gloss is disputed.
RANK 50GRADE Acontrarian claim
The hostile adjective may belong to whet and threat, not hate—and its starred lemma still has a nominative.
Köbler's Old Saxon entry reports five written readings at three Heliand loci, including nominative hotie, huotia, and huoti, yet heads the entry hōti*. The asterisk therefore cannot be explained away as “no nominative survives.” More radically, the sources split at the root. UT groups hōti with hatōn and heti under the inherited hate etymon k̑ād-. Köbler's same entry cross-references hatōn but reconstructs a different *hwōtja- adjective beside *hwōtō “threat” and Pokorny's *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- family of boring, pricking, sharpening, whetting, and inciting. Munich hotie and hotean are directly visible in contexts of hostile minds and hostile intent; Cotton huotia, huotian, and huoti remain source-reported. The unveiling is not “hostility secretly means sharpened hate.” It is that rigorous etymology sometimes reveals two irreconcilable maps where a flat dictionary would print one arrow.
RANK 58GRADE A-ranked reveal
Medieval Hass could be friendly competition.
Grimm’s DWB quotes Erec 2059: riders pursue a hawking contest, friuntlîchen striten, and share a bescheiden haʒ. The dictionary interprets this as rivalry in pursuing a goal. Modern Duden instead centers intense aversion and hostility. The contrast reveals a real historical side meaning without claiming that every medieval use was friendly or that Liebe and Hass share ancestry.
RANK 73GRADE Aranked reveal
Algorithm is the altered version; algorism came first.
The word began in al-Khwārizmī's geographic name. Greek arithmos later helped put “th” into algorithm without becoming its ancestor.
RANK 88GRADE Aranked reveal
Mussel and muscle were once spelling twins.
Middle English could spell the shellfish muscle. The shellfish and anatomical words ultimately belong to Latin’s mouse-derived musculus family, though the naming resemblance itself is not fully recoverable.
RANK 91GRADE Aranked reveal
A hospital was hospitality before medicine.
The English record begins with lodging and charitable shelter. The medical institution developed inside an older guest-care family rather than naming medicine from the start.
RANK 111GRADE Aranked reveal
Rājā is the visible case form; rājan- is the stem.
The familiar Sanskrit nominative rājā belongs to the consonant stem rājan-, reconstructed through *rēg-en- in the same deep family as royal, rí, right, and rule.
RANK 114GRADE Aranked reveal
Male changed female’s spelling, not its ancestry.
Female descends from Latin fēmella and fēmina through French; later English speakers remodeled its spelling under male.
049
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
book chapter19 CLAIM LINKS
Toward a constructional framework for research on language change
Elizabeth Closs Traugott / 2014
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly grammar13 CLAIM LINKS
Gothic Online, Lesson 8 — hatis and denominative hatizōn
Todd B. Krause · Jonathan Slocum / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical grammar12 CLAIM LINKS
A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages — Gothic hatis
R. D. Fulk / 2018
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digital scholarly edition10 CLAIM LINKS
Archivum Gothicum: Edition of the Gothic Sources, Volume 1
Carla Falluomini · Pierandrea Gottardi / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗journal article5 CLAIM LINKS
Doppelformen von ēn- und ōn-Verben im Althochdeutschen
Mirjam Marti Heinzle / 2013
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗institutional vocabulary5 CLAIM LINKS
Yatichaña aru pirwa: Vocabulario pedagógico aimara
Ministerio de Educación del Perú / 2020
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗monograph4 CLAIM LINKS
A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages
R. D. Fulk / 2018
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly article4 CLAIM LINKS
Yoğurt Sözcüğünün Etimolojisi Üzerine Bir Deneme
Emin Erdem Özbek / 2022
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗institutional vocabulary3 CLAIM LINKS
Yachachinapaq shimikuna — chawpin qichwa: Vocabulario pedagógico quechua central
Ministerio de Educación del Perú / 2020
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints DECIMAL in the head phrase DECIMAL Fraction and begins its mathematical definition.
decimal / decimal / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The PAPER-OFFICE entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum includes Letters of Intelligence among official papers communicated to the King’s Council.
intelligence / intelligence / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A tide passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses check as a verb meaning restrain or impede.
check / check / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Leiden Willeram, enemies of bride and bridegroom
fīunt / fīunt / circa 1100
Oudnederlands Woordenboek — fīuntwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old Dutch Willeram, plural friends addressed
friunt / vriend / circa 1100, source-reported
Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vriendwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old Dutch Willeram, beloved companion and friend
friunt / vriend / circa 1100, source-reported
Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vriendwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Morkinskinna, friends becoming enemies
frændi / frændi / manuscript dated circa 1275 by ONP
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine nounwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 53:9
fīunt / fīant / vijand / 901–1000; surviving copy 1595–1605
Oudnederlands Woordenboek — fīuntwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Rule text, preterite form
fīēn / fīēn / eighth- or ninth-century Alemannic manuscript; source-reported
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîênwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 53:7
fīunt / fīunt / 901–1000; surviving copy 1595–1605
Oudnederlands Woordenboek — fīuntwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 55:10
fīunt / fīunt / 901–1000; surviving copy 1595–1605
Oudnederlands Woordenboek — fīuntwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 68:19
fīunt / fīunt / 901–1000; surviving copy 1701–1800
Oudnederlands Woordenboek — fīuntwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.