NODE / 0940reconstructedProto-Indo-European

*dhigh-ūrā-

TRANSLITERATION *dhigh-ūrā-

result of forming or kneading

DATE: Proto-Indo-European suffixed zero-grade formation
SENSE: form shape result
FAMILY: Indo-European
CANONICAL KEY: node:6:dhigh-ura:reconstructed:sense:form-shape-result

American Heritage publishes this formation behind Latin figūra.

This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

GO DEEPERmorphological derivationestablished

Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European centum form · form build root

*dheigh-

to form; build

SOUND: The suffixed formation *dhigh-ūrā- is built on *dheigh-, to form or build.
MEANING: The result-of-forming noun continues the root’s shaping field.
SCHOLAR: Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
CONFIDENCE: established

Indo-European Root: dheigh-supportsdheigh- root heading and figūra formation

Analyzes the formation under the root.

ORIGINAL ↗

OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 937 ↗

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

DESCENDANTmorphological derivationestablished

Latin · Latin antiquity · shape form result

figūra

shape; form; likeness; figure of speech

SOUND: Latin figūra reflects the suffixed zero-grade formation *dhigh-ūrā-.
MEANING: A result of forming or kneading becomes shape, form, and representation.
SCHOLAR: Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
CONFIDENCE: established — Merriam-Webster instead analyzes figūra through the stem of fingere; that compatible but differently segmented route remains a cited graph branch.

Indo-European Root: dheigh-supportsdheigh-: suffixed zero-grade *dhigh-ūrā- to Latin figūra

Publishes the root formation behind the Latin noun.

ORIGINAL ↗

Figure — American Heritage DictionarycontextEtymology: Old French figure from Latin figūra; see dheigh-

Independently places the word in the same deep family.

ORIGINAL ↗

OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 936 ↗

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES: 5
REVIEWED EDGES: 5
DEEPEST PATH: 4
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED: 1

figure4 connected nodes

HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE

STEP 01morphological derivationestablished

Proto-Indo-European*dhigh-ūrā-→Latin · Latin antiquityfigūrashape; form; likeness; figure of speech

SOUND: Latin figūra reflects the suffixed zero-grade formation *dhigh-ūrā-.
MEANING: A result of forming or kneading becomes shape, form, and representation.

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 936 ↗

Indo-European Root: dheigh- · dheigh-: suffixed zero-grade *dhigh-ūrā- to Latin figūra ↗Figure — American Heritage Dictionary · Etymology: Old French figure from Latin figūra; see dheigh- ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 022 EDGES

STEP 02borrowingestablished

Latinfigūra→Anglo-French · Anglo-Frenchfigureshape; form; likeness

SOUND: Anglo-French figure continues Latin figūra through Romance transmission.
MEANING: Shape, outward appearance, likeness, and represented form remain central.

Merriam-Webster Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 935 ↗

Figure — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: Anglo-French from Latin figūra ↗

STEP 02competing borrowingproposed

Latinfigūra→Old French · Old Frenchfigureshape; form; likeness

SOUND: American Heritage labels the French intermediary Old French, while Merriam-Webster labels it Anglo-French.
MEANING: The shape and form noun passes from Latin through medieval French into English.

American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 942 ↗

Figure — American Heritage Dictionary · Etymology: Middle English from Old French from Latin figūra ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE

STEP 03borrowingestablished

Anglo-Frenchfigure→Middle English · Middle Englishfigureshape; form; likeness; symbol; written character

SOUND: Middle English borrows Anglo-French figure with English phonological adaptation.
MEANING: The shape, form, likeness, and symbol field is retained.

Merriam-Webster Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 934 ↗

Figure — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology: Middle English from Anglo-French ↗

HISTORICAL STEP 041 EDGE

STEP 04continuationestablished

Middle Englishfigure→Present-Day English · 13th century–todayfigureshape; representation; symbol; number; person

SOUND: Middle English figure continues into modern figure with spelling stability and later English pronunciation development.
MEANING: Shape, likeness, symbol, number, person, and calculation senses expand from representation.

Merriam-Webster Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 933 ↗

Figure — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use · Etymology and First Known Use, noun ↗

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.

That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.

EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

05figure*dhigh-ūrā- · established