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6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONSSEARCH
THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL3 source sections across 3 headwords matching “Ko”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
KoEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Mandarin 柯 (Kʻo¹), 葛 (Ko²), Cantonese 高 (gou1), Korean 고(高) (Go), etc.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗KOEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Initialism of knock out. Initialism of kick-off.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗koEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Borrowed from Japanese 劫 (kō).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 20240112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
noun combining formhistorical form
-logy
A bound English word element used in formations involving discourse or expression and in names of doctrines, theories, sciences, and fields of study.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
algorism
The older English word for calculation with Hindu-Arabic numerals, transmitted through French and Medieval Latin from the name al-Khwārizmī.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · adjectivehistorical form
arithmetic
The art or practice of counting and calculation; transmitted from Greek arithmos “number” through Latin and French.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Middle Irish noundossier summary
cais
eDIL separates two Irish headwords written cais. The first, also recorded as caise, is explicitly explained both as love and as hate; its cited passages and glossary equations range from searc and grádh "love" to miscais and mioscais "hatred", with context deciding individual readings. One Éigse line is tentatively translated so that the same visible form occurs on both sides: "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark matters. The second eDIL headword cais means "eye" and is excluded from this semantic lineage. These records establish a remarkable lexicographic opposition, not one timeless essence, a chronology from love to hate, or proof that every occurrence belongs to one historically indivisible sense. John T. Koch compares the noun with Proto-Celtic *katsi- < *kad-t/si- and a wider *kad- family, but that ancestry and its proposed Germanic comparison remain open. eDIL itself generally supplies etymologies only selectively. No manuscript pixels were directly inspected, no earliest-use or historical-frequency claim is made, and no exact pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbhistorical form
calculate
To determine mathematically or estimate, borrowed from a Latin family built around counting with pebbles.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
calculator
A person or device that calculates, inherited from a medieval human-reckoner word and the Latin counting-pebble family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
calculus
A mathematical system, a method of reasoning, or a bodily stone; borrowed from a Latin word for a pebble used in counting.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivehistorical form
etymological
Of, relating to, or based on etymology; an Early Modern English adjective whose exact formation is described differently by major historical dictionaries.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old High German weak-verb citation formdossier summary
hazzōn
An Old High German citation form in the inherited Germanic hate-verb family, printed beside hazzēn and spelling variants hazēn, hazōn, haʒʒēn, and haʒʒōn. Starling’s source record dates hazzēn to the eighth century and hazzōn to the ninth; Duden and Grimm’s DWB group the ēn and ōn forms in the history of German hassen. Corpus-wide research independently shows that some Old High German class-III ēn verbs also occur with class-II ōn forms, but the accessible abstract does not establish that hazzōn is one of its twenty repeatedly attested double forms. DWB reports haʒôn aligned with Latin aemulari and the forms hatamas and hatent with insequamur and insequuntur. Those reports support an action range involving following or hostile pursuit; they are not directly inspected manuscript tokens. Pokorny’s account, as transmitted by Starling, explicitly warns that the Germanic evidence does not prove “pursue” was the root’s basic meaning. The route therefore distinguishes the normalized headword, the combined historical variants, the reconstructed Germanic weak verb and noun family, the qualified Indo-European comparison, and the point where knowledge ends.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon adjectivedossier summary
hōti
Old Saxon hōti is a normalized adjective headword supported by three Heliand loci and five reported witness readings: nominative plural hotie in manuscript M and huotia in C at line 5183; accusative singular hotean in M and huotian in C at line 5246; and nominative singular huoti in C at line 5285. The Munich forms hotie and hotean are directly visible in Cgm 25 scans 150 and 152; the three Cotton readings remain source-reported. Köbler nevertheless prints hōti* with a trailing star, so the mark cannot be reduced to “no nominative exists”: the same entry explicitly reports nominative huoti. The deeper genealogy splits. UT groups hōti with the inherited hate family under Pokorny's k̑ād- “hate, displeasure, uneasiness”; Köbler cross-references hatōn as a headword but gives the adjective a distinct etymology through Germanic *hwōtja- beside *hwōtō “threat” and Pokorny's *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- complex “bore, prick, stab,” whose wider reflexes include whetting and inciting. The graph preserves both lanes. It does not turn hostile intent into a timeless essence, infer exact pronunciation from spelling, or pretend that a dictionary cross-reference settles ancestry.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
icon
An image, likeness, representative figure, or display symbol, borrowed through Late Latin from Greek eikōn.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
kimchi
The English food word is a direct borrowing of Korean 김치, with the familiar kimchee spelling as an English variant.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Choctaw / Muskogean
*bayok
proposed early Choctaw form for a bayou or watercourse
- DATE
- proposed early Choctaw
- MATCH
- language family
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Dakota / Siouan
*thí
dwell; dwelling root
- DATE
- Proto-Dakota
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old French / Indo-European
algorisme / augorisme
the art of reckoning with Hindu-Arabic numerals
- DATE
- Old French, 12th–14th centuries
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old French / Indo-European
arsmetique / arismatike
arithmetic or reckoning
- DATE
- Old French and Anglo-French, 12th century onward
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
calculus
a mathematical method; a system of reckoning; also a bodily stone
- DATE
- 1666–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
calculāre
to count, reckon, compute
- DATE
- Latin antiquity and Late Latin
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Medieval Latin / Indo-European
calculātus
counted, reckoned, computed
- DATE
- Late Latin
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
kimchi
Korean fermented vegetable preparation
- DATE
- 1888–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Dakota / Siouan
thí-
to dwell
- DATE
- Dakota historical and modern record
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Dakota / Siouan
thípi
dwelling; the source of English tipi
- DATE
- Dakota historical and modern record
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
εἰκών
eikṓnrepresentation, image, or likeness
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
λογικός
logikósof speech, reason, or reasoning
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0318
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableposition text
Is the exact Proto-Germanic noun *hatiz- or *hataz?
The noun is reconstructed, and published notation reflects stem alternation and analytical choices. Koch prints *hataz ~ *hatiz- while Merriam-Webster foregrounds *hatiz-.
openproposedposition text
Is Proto-Celtic *katsi- the secure direct parent of cais?
Koch publishes the comparison, but the reviewed materials do not expose a complete dated Goidelic derivation or independent consensus sufficient to mark the edge established.
openproposedposition text
Do Celtic cais and cas make the deep Indo-European route secure?
Not by themselves. Koch publishes Proto-Celtic *katsi- and a wider *kad- comparison, but Middle Irish cais itself carries both love and hatred, and Liberman challenges whether several non-Germanic comparisons form one transparent family.
openprobableposition text
Is the exact Proto-Germanic noun *hatiz- or *hataz?
The noun is reconstructed, and published notation reflects stem alternation and analytical choices. Koch prints *hataz ~ *hatiz- while the atlas reuses the shared *hatiz- node.
openproposedposition text
Was pursue the securely recovered basic meaning of the root?
No consensus is established. DWB calls hostile pursuit or persecution original inside the German history, while Pokorny’s account explicitly says the Germanic facts do not establish pursue as the root’s basic meaning.
openprobableposition text
Is *hatiz- the one exact spoken Proto-Germanic parent?
It is the atlas's reviewed cross-source representation, not a recording. Köbler prints *hati-, *hatiz, Koch gives *hataz ~ *hatiz-, and Pfeifer's stem-class description differs.
openestablishedposition text
Is *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- a securely attested prehistoric word?
No. It is a Pokorny etymon adapted in a comparative database whose pages are explicitly under active construction. Its link to hōti is a published proposal.
openboundaryposition text
How far beyond Korean 김치 can the trail securely go?
The reviewed sources establish English kimchi from Korean 김치. They do not establish a deeper lexical ancestor, so historical spellings or cultural antiquity are not promoted as a parent edge.
openboundaryposition text
Can the Greek-to-Latin adjective transfer be dated to one event?
Not from the reviewed sources. Merriam-Webster establishes Greek etymologikos behind Latin etymologicus, while CNRTL documents late Latin use in Diomedes; neither identifies one precisely dated borrowing event.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was a calculator originally a machine?
No. The reviewed English history begins with Middle English calkelatour, a person who counted or computed; the machine inherits that human agent label.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was Old Norse hatr borrowed from English hate or German Hass?
No such borrowing is established. The historical dictionaries list collateral Germanic forms, and Koch connects them through a reconstructed Germanic noun.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does textual opposition between love and hatr prove shared ancestry?
No. The Time gráts ok látrs, time ælsko ok hatrs passage aligns love and hate semantically, but opposition inside a sentence is not a genealogical edge.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 6
RANK 5GRADE Aranked reveal
Calculation began with a pebble in the hand.
Latin calculus was a small stone used for reckoning before calculation became abstract.
RANK 17GRADE Aranked reveal
-logy never simply meant “the study of.”
The bound form’s recorded range includes expression and discourse as well as doctrine, theory, science, and study. Its trail reaches Greek logos—word, speech, account, reckoning, reason—rather than a prehistoric word meaning “science.”
RANK 46GRADE Aranked reveal
Old High German hazzōn is a paradigm fault line, not proof that hate originally meant pursue.
The clean dictionary headword conceals paired ēn and ōn forms: Starling reports hazzēn in the eighth century and hazzōn in the ninth, Duden prints haʒʒēn and haʒʒōn, and the UT reflex index also records hazēn and hazōn. Corpus-wide research confirms that Old High German ēn verbs can show ōn double forms. DWB reports aemulari and insequi alignments that support emulation, following, or hostile pursuit—but Pokorny’s comparative warning is exact: Germanic evidence does not prove that pursue was the root’s basic meaning. The normalized form, the source-reported tokens, the paradigm analysis, and the prehistoric semantic claim are four different evidence layers.
RANK 50GRADE Aranked reveal
The hostile adjective may belong to whet and threat, not hate—and its starred lemma still has a nominative.
Köbler's Old Saxon entry reports five written readings at three Heliand loci, including nominative hotie, huotia, and huoti, yet heads the entry hōti*. The asterisk therefore cannot be explained away as “no nominative survives.” More radically, the sources split at the root. UT groups hōti with hatōn and heti under the inherited hate etymon k̑ād-. Köbler's same entry cross-references hatōn but reconstructs a different *hwōtja- adjective beside *hwōtō “threat” and Pokorny's *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- family of boring, pricking, sharpening, whetting, and inciting. Munich hotie and hotean are directly visible in contexts of hostile minds and hostile intent; Cotton huotia, huotian, and huoti remain source-reported. The unveiling is not “hostility secretly means sharpened hate.” It is that rigorous etymology sometimes reveals two irreconcilable maps where a flat dictionary would print one arrow.
RANK 63GRADE Aranked reveal
Its root is deeper than the English stereotype.
English tipi continues Dakota thípi, built on “dwell,” and the root compares through two intermediate reconstructions to Proto-Siouan *ahtí•.
RANK 66GRADE Aranked reveal
The borrowed name is part of the object’s history.
English kimchi directly continues Korean 김치; the graph refuses a deeper arrow until specialist evidence supports one.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary75 CLAIM LINKS
Altsächsisches Wörterbuch — hatōn and hėttiand
Gerhard Köbler / 2014
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research monograph38 CLAIM LINKS
Celto-Germanic — HATRED *kad-
John T. Koch / 2020
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference7 CLAIM LINKS
Sauna
Kirsti Aapala · Klaas Ruppel / 2019
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, 4th edition — hatia
Gerhard Köbler / 2014
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexicographic method1 CLAIM LINKS
Altfriesisches Wörterbuch — Hinweise and sigla
Gerhard Köbler / 2014
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database7 CLAIM LINKS
Old High German Reflex Index — Pokorny k̑ād-
Linguistics Research Center editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗comparative dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
Comparative Siouan Dictionary — dwell, dwelling, house
Robert L. Rankin, Richard T. Carter, A. Wesley Jones, John E. Koontz, David S. Rood, and Iren Hartmann, editors / 2015
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly article4 CLAIM LINKS
Suomen kiuas, karjalan kiukua ja havaintoja etymologian tutkimusperinteestä
Jussi Ylikoski
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗official lexicon3 CLAIM LINKS
김치 — Korean Basic Dictionary
National Institute of Korean Language / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical database2 CLAIM LINKS
Logeion: λογικός
Classics Department Editors
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly article1 CLAIM LINKS
I-Umlaut in Old English: A Weak Trigger Effect
Annah Moon / 2011
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary1 CLAIM LINKS
Rí — Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, and Dagmar Wodtko / 2019
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗057
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Eyvindr skáldaspillir, Hákonarmál 12
fjándi / fjándi / poetic composition dated 961 by source; dating requires checking
Lexicon Poeticum — fjándi, noun masculine, enemy or devilreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Luther record reported by FWB
hetzen / hessen / hittzen / hetzen / 1537/40 polemical record
Frühneuhochdeutsches Wörterbuch — hetzenwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Peder Syv song collection
fjende / fjende / Peder Syv Viser, source-reported 1695
Ordbog over det danske Sprog — Fjendewitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
schoolbook historical narrative
fjende / fjende / modern example dated 1991 by source
Den Danske Ordbog — fjendewitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Ambrosianus A corpus record, Galatians 5:20
hatis / hatis / Gothic manuscript corpus, date not normalized
Gothic Bible word analysis — Galatians 5:20, hatizawitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Galatians 5:20
hatis / hatis / Gothic manuscript corpus, date not normalized
Gothic Bible word analysis — Galatians 5:20, hatizawitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Love-and-hate temporal opposition
hatr / hatr / Old Norse prose corpus, source-reported
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — ²hatr, neuter nounwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.