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MEASURE THE GRAPH ↗NOT JUST A DICTIONARY LOOKUP
6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONSSEARCH
THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Sit”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
SitEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
From the Chinese surname, from Cantonese 薛 (sit³).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗sitEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *sed- Proto-Indo-European *-yeti Proto-Indo-European *sédyeti Proto-Germanic *sitjaną Proto-West Germanic *sittjan Old English sittan Middle English sitten English sit From Middle English sitten, from Old English sittan, from Proto-West Germanic *sittjan, from Proto-Germanic *sitjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“sit”). Cognates Cognate with West Frisian sitte, Low German sitten, Dutch zitten, German sitzen, Swedish sitta, Norwegian Bokmål sitte, Norwegian Nynorsk sitja, Danish sidde, Faroese sita, Icelandic sitja; and with Irish suigh, Latin sedeo, Russian сиде́ть (sidétʹ).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
German masculine nouncontrarian claim
Freund
German Freund continues Middle High German vriunt and Old High German friunt. DWDS/Pfeifer, Duden, and Grimm independently analyze the inherited Germanic formation as a substantivized present participle of the verb represented by Gothic frijōn and Old English frēogan: historically a loving or favorably disposed one. The record is semantically wider than a modern close companion: the historical dictionaries also document neighbor, relative, lover, ally, supporter, patron, address, and euphemistic uses. The graph joins the High German line to the same reviewed *frijōnd- and *frī- nodes as English friend, keeps *prī- proposed, and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine noundossier summary
Hass
The modern German noun for intense aversion, rejection, or hostility toward a person, group, or institution. Duden traces Middle and Old High German haʒ to suffering, sorrow, and resentment and records the 1996 spelling change from Haß to Hass. DWDS/Pfeifer reports the Old High German noun from the eighth century and places it in the Germanic family of Old Saxon heti, Old English hete, Old Norse hatr, Gothic hatis, and related forms. Grimm’s DWB preserves a more complicated semantic record: hostile pursuit or action, anger expressed in deeds, ordinary hostile disposition, and even measured rivalry during friendly competition. The reviewed route reuses *hatiz- and the qualified *ḱh₂d-es- / *ḱeh₂d- comparison, then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Middle Irish nouncontrarian claim
cais
eDIL separates two Irish headwords written cais. The first, also recorded as caise, is explicitly explained both as love and as hate; its cited passages and glossary equations range from searc and grádh "love" to miscais and mioscais "hatred", with context deciding individual readings. One Éigse line is tentatively translated so that the same visible form occurs on both sides: "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark matters. The second eDIL headword cais means "eye" and is excluded from this semantic lineage. These records establish a remarkable lexicographic opposition, not one timeless essence, a chronology from love to hate, or proof that every occurrence belongs to one historically indivisible sense. John T. Koch compares the noun with Proto-Celtic *katsi- < *kad-t/si- and a wider *kad- family, but that ancestry and its proposed Germanic comparison remain open. eDIL itself generally supplies etymologies only selectively. No manuscript pixels were directly inspected, no earliest-use or historical-frequency claim is made, and no exact pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
candor
Frankness or honest expression, historically a word for brightness, radiance, whiteness, and unstained purity.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb · nounhistorical form
checkmate
An inescapable chess defeat and, figuratively, complete thwarting; a compound transmitted through French, Arabic, and Persian chess language.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
etymon
A technical English noun for an earlier source form, a foreign donor, or a base used in composition or derivation.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Norse masculine noundossier summary
fjándi
Old Norse fjándi is a masculine noun whose inherited shape still exposes a prehistoric agent formation. Cleasby and Vigfússon compare Gothic fiands, Old English feond, German Feind, Swedish fiende, and Danish fjende, identify the nd as participial, and gloss the older formation as properly a hater. They then distinguish the ordinary enemy sense from a post-Christian fiend development. The University of Copenhagen Dictionary of Old Norse Prose supplies 222 citations and six semantic zones: enemy or opponent; devil, monster, or demon; evil spirit; pagan god; the Devil or Satan; and a derogatory term for a hated or bewitched person, animal, or object. Lexicon Poeticum independently exposes 49 poetic records, including source-reported tenth-century enemy uses and later Christian fiend uses, while warning that its concordance and dates require checking. The noun therefore does not possess one timeless true meaning: an inherited lexicalized hater became an ordinary enemy word, and the branch later accumulated several demonic and derogatory senses. The displayed pronunciation is an editorial normalized approximation, not recorded historical audio. No underlying manuscript object is claimed as directly inspected in this dossier.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
guest
A person receiving hospitality, inherited through Old English from the Germanic branch of reconstructed *ghos-ti-.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German weak verbdossier summary
hassen
The modern German weak verb for feeling hatred toward a person or for strongly disliking a thing or action. Duden traces it through Middle High German haʒʒen and Old High German haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn and adds that the older verb also meant pursue. Grimm’s DWB makes the semantic contrast explicit: it calls hostile pursuit or persecution the original sense and then describes a later, more muted center in hostile disposition rather than hostile deeds. BMZ and Lexer independently document the Middle High German verb and its literary record. The reviewed ancestry follows the reconstructed Germanic weak-verb alternatives into the *hatiz- family, preserves the qualified *ḱh₂d-es- / *ḱeh₂d- proposal, and then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic class-II weak-verb lemmadossier summary
hatizōn
A Gothic weak verb meaning be angry with or at someone, represented by exactly one verified corpus token: present active second-person plural hatizoþ in John 7:23. Project Wulfila and Streitberg align the form with Greek χολᾶτε in the question “are you angry at me?” and analyze the verb with a dative object. The University of Texas derivational grammar builds class-II hatizōn on the consonantal stem hatiz- of hatis “hatred” or “wrath”; Wright independently lists it as a class-II weak verb. The macronized infinitive is a scholarly citation form, while the manuscript writes only the inflected token without a vowel-length mark. The route continues through the reviewed Germanic noun family and a qualified Indo-European comparison, then stops. One corpus token cannot establish spoken rarity, first use, a complete semantic range, exact pronunciation, or one prehistoric essence.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Norse noun, chiefly neuterdossier summary
hatr
An Old Norse noun for hatred, enmity, or spite. The University of Copenhagen Dictionary of Old Norse Prose gives the main neuter entry 54 citations, while a separately analyzed masculine entry has only one citation and is flagged as possibly an elementary error. The neuter corpus also contains one cautiously proposed mockery or scorn sense aligned with Latin irrisio. A c.1150-1200 manuscript visibly preserves Hatr in a line ONP transcribes Hatr hafa þeir engla and aligns with Latin Odium. The reviewed ancestry joins the Germanic *hatiz- family, preserves the disputed *ḱh₂d-es- and *ḱeh₂d- comparison, and then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
hatred
A Middle English formation built from hate plus the fossilized native condition suffix -rede / -reden, with a secure Germanic hate family but a semantically difficult and explicitly disputed deeper Indo-European proposal.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
German / Indo-European
Haß / hasz
hostile disposition, hatred, anger, or hostile action
- DATE
- New High German spelling history before the 1996 reform
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
candor
brightness, radiance, whiteness; favorable disposition
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
chekmaten / chekmat
to checkmate or frustrate; the mating position
- DATE
- 14th–15th centuries
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
gest / gyst / gust / gist
guest, visitor, stranger
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
guest
a person receiving hospitality; a visitor
- DATE
- 13th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
hatred
intense animosity, hostility, extreme dislike, or hostile resentment
- DATE
- 13th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old High German / Indo-European
haʒ
hostile disposition, resentment, enmity, suffering, or sorrow
- DATE
- Old High German, reported from the eighth century
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
hospes (hospit-)
guest, visitor, or the person receiving a guest
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 6
Present-Day English / Indo-European
hospitality
reception of guests; provision of lodging; generous treatment of visitors
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
humiliate
reduce to a lower position in one’s own or others’ eyes; cause shame or embarrassment
- DATE
- circa 1534–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
humilite
humility; humble disposition or conduct
- DATE
- Middle English, 14th–15th centuries
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Late Latin / Indo-European
humilitās
lowness in a positive moral sense; humility opposed to pride
- DATE
- Ecclesiastical Latin
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableposition text
Did -rīx mean exactly “king” in every compound name?
Not necessarily. The king or prince value is secure for the element, but scholarship distinguishes names where it is determinative from analyses in which it is semantically bleached or intensifying. Each host therefore requires its own compositional claim.
openproposedposition text
Was the original meaning hostile pursuit or suffering and sorrow?
Unresolved. DWB argues for hostile pursuit or persecution as the original center; Duden glosses the origin as suffering, sorrow, and resentment; DWDS foregrounds hostile disposition, resentment, and enmity.
openproposedposition text
Are the opposite readings one polysemous word, merged historical homonyms, or a lexicographic convenience?
eDIL groups them in one headword but does not, by that editorial act alone, settle the full historical relationship among every love and hate occurrence.
openproposedposition text
Did love develop into hate, hate into love, or both from another meaning?
No reviewed source establishes one direction. The citations show an opposition; they do not date a semantic transition.
openproposedposition text
Was fijands still transparently one who hates to Gothic speakers?
The formal relationship was available because the verb and productive participle survived, but inherited lexicalization means ordinary noun use need not have been compositionally reanalyzed on every occasion.
openestablishedposition text
What is the exact earliest surviving fjá token?
Not established here. The reviewed sources supply poem and stanza locations but no directly inspected manuscript object, exact composition date, or uncontested first-use year.
openprobableposition text
Did friend or kin come first semantically?
The inherited agent formation and daughter-language distributions do not recover one securely dated semantic split. Old Norse evidence preserves overlap rather than a single transition record.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact Proto-Germanic pronunciation and path into fīēn be recovered?
Not completely. Optional j, vowel quantity, stem remodeling, and daughter inflection belong to comparative analysis rather than a recorded transition.
openprobableposition text
Did the shift from persecution to feeling happen in one dated event?
No single event is established. DWB describes a contrast between hostile deeds and a more muted hostile disposition, while historical and modern examples show overlapping contextual ranges.
openestablishedposition text
Can one exact Old Norse pronunciation be recovered?
No. Orthographic forms and comparative analysis constrain the history, but no sound recording or complete transition series exists.
openproposedposition text
Is damage a late semantic extension or an old legal and feud specialization?
Not established. The dictionaries document damage and enemy-pursuit senses, but the reviewed records do not supply a continuous dated semantic transition series.
openestablishedposition text
Can one exact Old Frisian pronunciation or vowel length be recovered?
No. Lexicographic forms include hatia, hetia, and hātia, but the reviewed sources do not provide audio or a complete dated phonetic transition series.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 4GRADE Aranked reveal
Humility is an earth-and-lowness metaphor.
Latin humus “ground” produced humilis “low,” then humilitās “lowness,” before the moral virtue.
RANK 40GRADE Aranked reveal
Modern Danish kept the enemy but lost the hate verb inside its grammar.
DDO identifies fjende as historically a present participle of a verb corresponding to Old Norse fjá, to hate or persecute. Old Danish fiende then survives through a remarkable surface cloud: Fiende, Fiænde, Finde, Fînde, clipped Fiend, and both two- and three-syllable scans. The current noun no longer means that every enemy literally feels hate; it names active opposition and extends to states, ideologies, animals, weather, and abstractions. The grammatical fossil unveils a history, not a timeless essence.
RANK 44GRADE Aranked reveal
One corpus hit written hatia is not the hate verb at all.
The May 2026 Corpus Oudfries search returns six records under word or lemma hatia, but spelling alone creates a trap. In Brokmer B 101, Buma explicitly identifies hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h; Nijdam's translation confirms a poor mother unable to feed her children. That token is excluded from the hate lineage. The five relevant records then reveal the genuine verb's own range: harm or hindrance on an army road, legal adversity, and God hating perjury, lying speech, and false witnesses. The contrarian truth is therefore philological twice over: one identical surface belongs elsewhere, while the inherited verb itself extends beyond private feeling.
RANK 48GRADE Aranked reveal
Old Saxon hate crosses from verb into enemy noun inside one manuscript locus.
Köbler assigns hatōn four cited loci, but the evidence is not four neat tokens. Heliand 1451 alone varies between Munich hatan and Cotton haton. At Heliand 4915, Munich hatandiero and Cotton hettendero are indexed twice: under the verb as present-participial forms and under hėttiand as the lexicalized agent noun enemy. The Munich hatan and hatandiero pixels are directly inspected. The reveal is therefore grammatical, not mystical: one written formation sits at the boundary between haters and enemies. It does not prove that every enemy hates, that pursue was the first meaning, or that the four-locus dictionary count represents four manuscripts.
RANK 52GRADE Aranked reveal
Friend and fiend are grammatical twins—but not cognates.
OED analyzes friend as a noun use of the present participle behind the Germanic free and love family, and it explicitly calls fiend a similar formation. Bosworth–Toller makes the Old English structure visible: freónd is the loving participle of freón, to free or love. The enemy word follows a different hate verb. The real unveiling is structural: one inherited agent noun is the loving one, the other the hating one or enemy, and parallel grammar must not be mistaken for one root splitting into moral opposites.
RANK 59GRADE A-ranked reveal
Old Norse hatr has a 54-to-1 grammar problem.
The University of Copenhagen’s Dictionary of Old Norse Prose separates a 54-citation neuter noun from a one-citation masculine analysis—and flags the lone masculine assignment as possibly an elementary error. A directly inspected c.1150-1200 manuscript visibly preserves Hatr, but a visible token cannot settle gender by itself. The reveal is not that Old Norse had two equally secure hate nouns; it is that rigorous lexicography preserves the fracture instead of hiding it.
RANK 60GRADE A-ranked reveal
German hassen has an action buried under the feeling.
Duden says Middle High German haʒʒen and Old High German haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn formerly also meant pursue. Grimm’s DWB goes further: it calls hostile pursuit or persecution the original sense, reports Old High German following or pursuit alignments and Behaim persecution contexts, then explicitly describes the later sense as more about hostile disposition than hostile deeds. Modern Duden centers hatred and strong aversion. The contrast is real; the one certain prehistoric scene is not.
RANK 89GRADE Aranked reveal
The host could also be the guest.
Latin hospes carried reciprocal host-and-guest roles. The opposition feels fixed in modern English, but the historical hospitality relationship could reverse when obligations were returned.
RANK 90GRADE Aranked reveal
Guest and hostile share a stranger.
Germanic guest and Latin hostis remain separate branches until reconstructed *ghos-ti-. One branch preserved the visitor; the Latin branch developed the outsider and enemy family.
RANK 135GRADE Aranked reveal
Humiliate is historically to make low.
Late Latin humiliāre means to make low or humble and grows from humilis, low or near the ground, which is formed from humus, earth. Modern shame and loss of dignity sit on that lowering history.
RANK 139GRADE Aranked reveal
The twelfth month literally means tenth.
The name preserves a Roman year that began in March. The calendar position moved; the inherited Latin name did not.
RANK 140GRADE Aranked reveal
A dime is literally a tenth.
The coin name reuses a medieval tenth-part word from Anglo-French and Latin decima. It sits in the same deep numeral family as decimal, decimate, December, and inherited English ten.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary91 CLAIM LINKS
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026
Oxford English Dictionary Editors / 2026
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary81 CLAIM LINKS
Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.
Oxford English Dictionary editors / 2013
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly essay75 CLAIM LINKS
The shortest history of hatred continued and partly concluded
Anatoly Liberman / 2018
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research article59 CLAIM LINKS
On the syntax of the Agent nouns in Gothic: the case of nd-formations
Daniel Ayora Estevan / 2023
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database42 CLAIM LINKS
Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventory
Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg / 2026
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research monograph38 CLAIM LINKS
Celto-Germanic — HATRED *kad-
John T. Koch / 2020
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary35 CLAIM LINKS
Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — FEÓGAN
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichý / 2014
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database32 CLAIM LINKS
Lemma fijands — Gothic enemy noun and 26-token candidate inventory
Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg / 2026
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database28 CLAIM LINKS
Etygram: ἐτός / ἔτυμος dossier
Etygram Editors
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗journal article27 CLAIM LINKS
The Indo-European Origin of Latin lex
Elwira Kaczyńska / 2013
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary26 CLAIM LINKS
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — feónd
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichy / 2014
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database24 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Lexicon — k̑ād- : k̑ədes- : k̑əd-s- and its reflexes
Linguistics Research Center editors / 2026
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗056
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum cites a Lecture by Nehemiah Grew about varieties of taste read before the Royal Society.
lecture / lecture / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Rijmbijbel, Lucifer apposition
viant / vient / vijand / 1285
Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek — VIANT Ireporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for transitive etymologize
etymologize / etymologize / 1532
Etymologize — Merriam-Webster.com Dictionaryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Love-and-hate temporal opposition
hatr / hatr / Old Norse prose corpus, source-reported
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — ²hatr, neuter nounreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Derogatory term applied to an animal
fjándi / fjándi / Old Norse prose corpus; source-reported
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — fjándi, masculine nounwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Peder Paars line
fjende / fjende / Holberg corpus; three-syllable scansion
Holbergordbog — Fiendewitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.