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Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 1 headword matching “Sic”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
sicEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *sóder. Proto-Italic *sei Latin sī Proto-Indo-European *ḱe Proto-Italic *ke Latin -ce Latin sīce Latin sīclbor. English sic Learned borrowing from Latin sīc (“thus, so”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗sicEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Variant of seek.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Chambers (1908)
1908- SicEnglish · e-38700-1730
Sic, sik, adv. so, thus—printed within brackets in quoted matter to show that the original is being correctly reproduced, even though incorrect or wrong.—Sic passim, so throughout.
Read the full source record → - SicEnglish · e-38700-1731
Sic, sik, Siccan, sik′an, adj. Scotch forms of such.—adj. Sic′-like, for such-like, of the same kind.
Read the full source record →
018
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
verbcontrarian claim
calculate
To determine mathematically or estimate, borrowed from a Latin family built around counting with pebbles.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
candor
Frankness or honest expression, historically a word for brightness, radiance, whiteness, and unstained purity.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old High German weak verbdossier summary
fīēn
Old High German fīēn—printed fîên in the Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch—was a weak verb meaning to hate, not love, be hostile to, detest, or reject. The official dictionary says it is attested only in Alemannic manuscripts of the eighth and ninth centuries, then inventories an infinitive fien, present participle fiendi, second-person singular preterite fietos, and accusative plural masculine past participle fieta. Three rule-text records concern hating discipline, one’s own will, or no person; gloss records align the participial forms with Latin exosus or exosos; and an Esther gloss aligns fien with detestari. These are source-reported edition and dictionary records, not directly inspected manuscript objects, and the broad manuscript horizon does not identify one exact first token. A separate twelfth-century article printed fien [sic] with the gloss ubere is explicitly left uninterpreted by the dictionary and is not merged into this hate verb. Beside the verb, Old High German had the already lexicalized enemy noun fīant, whose old participial character could still shine through in fixed phrases. The graph therefore shows a living daughter verb beside a grammatical fossil without pretending that either attested form is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic word itself. No historical sound recording exists and the dossier does not display a fabricated phonetic certainty.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old High German weak-verb citation formcontrarian claim
hazzōn
An Old High German citation form in the inherited Germanic hate-verb family, printed beside hazzēn and spelling variants hazēn, hazōn, haʒʒēn, and haʒʒōn. Starling’s source record dates hazzēn to the eighth century and hazzōn to the ninth; Duden and Grimm’s DWB group the ēn and ōn forms in the history of German hassen. Corpus-wide research independently shows that some Old High German class-III ēn verbs also occur with class-II ōn forms, but the accessible abstract does not establish that hazzōn is one of its twenty repeatedly attested double forms. DWB reports haʒôn aligned with Latin aemulari and the forms hatamas and hatent with insequamur and insequuntur. Those reports support an action range involving following or hostile pursuit; they are not directly inspected manuscript tokens. Pokorny’s account, as transmitted by Starling, explicitly warns that the Germanic evidence does not prove “pursue” was the root’s basic meaning. The route therefore distinguishes the normalized headword, the combined historical variants, the reconstructed Germanic weak verb and noun family, the qualified Indo-European comparison, and the point where knowledge ends.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German weak verbcontrarian claim
hetzen
A German weak verb whose modern senses range from driving or hunting quarry, through hurrying, to inciting hostility. The medieval record centers on setting dogs after game and already extends the action to turning people against one another. Comparative sources connect the verb with Old English hettan and Gothic hatjan, but the Old High German bridge and the exact prehistoric formation remain editorially disputed.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
hospital
A medical institution whose name first referred to guest accommodation and charitable lodging, through Medieval Latin hospitāle.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
humility
Freedom from pride or arrogance; the quality or condition of being humble.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjective · adverbdossier summary
ստոյգ
The classical Armenian word for true, certain, real, or genuine, compared by Indo-European etymologists with the Greek true-word family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗029
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Classical Arabic / Afro-Asiatic
Khwārizm
Khwārizm, a region south of the Aral Sea
- DATE
- early medieval and older geographic record
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Classical Arabic / Afro-Asiatic
al-Khwārizmī
the Khwārizmian; name of Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
- DATE
- 9th century
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Classical Arabic / Afro-Asiatic
al-jabr
restoration, completion; an operation in equation solving
- DATE
- 9th century
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Classical Arabic / Afro-Asiatic
al-šaṭranj
chess
- DATE
- early Islamic Arabic
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Classical Arabic / Afro-Asiatic
jabara
to restore, reunite, set or mend
- DATE
- Classical Arabic
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Classical Arabic / Afro-Asiatic
māt
checkmated; alternatively interpreted as “has died”
- DATE
- Arabic chess vocabulary
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Classical Nahuatl / Uto-Aztecan
āhuacatl
avocado; testicle
- DATE
- Classical Nahuatl
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Evenki / Tungusic
šamān
Evenki ritual or spiritual specialist
- DATE
- Evenki
- MATCH
- language family
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Classical Arabic / Afro-Asiatic
šāh
shāhking; the king in chess
- DATE
- early Islamic chess vocabulary
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 2
0315
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openestablishedposition text
Is the separate twelfth-century fien [sic] ubere record this hate verb?
Unknown, and it is not merged here. AWB places it in a separate article and says it is not interpreted.
openproposedposition text
Was pursue the securely recovered basic meaning of the root?
No consensus is established. DWB calls hostile pursuit or persecution original inside the German history, while Pokorny’s account explicitly says the Germanic facts do not establish pursue as the root’s basic meaning.
openprobableposition text
Does the etymology prove one exact moment when low became morally humble?
No. The lexical formation is secure, but the sources do not date a single physical-to-social-to-moral transition.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did candid always mean honest?
No. The first reported English sense is white; clear, pure, fair, honest, frank, and photographic senses develop later.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are A, B, and Carolinus witnesses separate lexical usage events?
They are separate surviving manuscript tokens, but duplicate witnesses of one passage cannot be counted as independent acts of historical usage.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the Beowulf quotation prove the first use of friend?
No. It is one source-reported Old English textual witness, not a birth certificate for the word or its earliest surviving physical token.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does current hassen ordinarily mean physically persecute?
No. Duden’s current meanings center hatred and strong aversion. Pursuit and persecution belong to the historical semantic account, not a requirement of the current standard verb.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Could hatia express theological hate?
Yes. Jurisprudentia Frisica says God especially hatien the perjurer, lying tongue, and false witnesses, as Solomon describes.
resolvedprobableposition text
Are the remaining five records all semantically identical?
No. They range across road harm or obstruction, writing or events going against a person, family-law adversity, and divine hatred; two Jurisprudentia Frisica passages remain only cautiously glossed.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was pursue the securely recovered basic meaning of the root?
No. A daughter-language gloss range cannot establish one Proto-Germanic or Proto-Indo-European basic meaning, and the broader reviewed comparison explicitly remains semantically opaque.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was humility originally a positive moral virtue?
Not in every recorded Latin sense. Classical humilitās names physical lowness and low stature, then low rank, insignificance, meanness, or abjectness. Lewis and Short separately marks the good sense opposed to pride as ecclesiastical Latin.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is regular unrelated to a physical ruler?
No. Its Late Latin adjective descends from rēgula, whose older semantic range includes a bar, rod, or straightedge.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 3
RANK 4GRADE Aranked reveal
Humility is an earth-and-lowness metaphor.
Latin humus “ground” produced humilis “low,” then humilitās “lowness,” before the moral virtue.
RANK 5GRADE Aranked reveal
Calculation began with a pebble in the hand.
Latin calculus was a small stone used for reckoning before calculation became abstract.
RANK 46GRADE Aranked reveal
Old High German hazzōn is a paradigm fault line, not proof that hate originally meant pursue.
The clean dictionary headword conceals paired ēn and ōn forms: Starling reports hazzēn in the eighth century and hazzōn in the ninth, Duden prints haʒʒēn and haʒʒōn, and the UT reflex index also records hazēn and hazōn. Corpus-wide research confirms that Old High German ēn verbs can show ōn double forms. DWB reports aemulari and insequi alignments that support emulation, following, or hostile pursuit—but Pokorny’s comparative warning is exact: Germanic evidence does not prove that pursue was the root’s basic meaning. The normalized form, the source-reported tokens, the paradigm analysis, and the prehistoric semantic claim are four different evidence layers.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
research article59 CLAIM LINKS
On the syntax of the Agent nouns in Gothic: the case of nd-formations
Daniel Ayora Estevan / 2023
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical database13 CLAIM LINKS
Logeion: λόγος
Classics Department Editors
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical corpus record10 CLAIM LINKS
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in Jurisprudentia Frisica
Corpus Oudfries editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical database10 CLAIM LINKS
Logeion: ἐτυμολογία
Classics Department Editors
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical database8 CLAIM LINKS
Logeion: candeo
Classics Department Editors
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical database7 CLAIM LINKS
Logeion: legō / legere
Classics Department Editors
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical database5 CLAIM LINKS
Logeion: intellegō
Classics Department Editors
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical database5 CLAIM LINKS
Logeion: lex
Classics Department Editors
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical database4 CLAIM LINKS
Logeion: astrum
Classics Department Editors
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical database4 CLAIM LINKS
Logeion: candidus
Classics Department Editors
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical database4 CLAIM LINKS
Logeion: sincerus
Classics Department Editors
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference4 CLAIM LINKS
Masks
The Oxford Classical Dictionary Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗055
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s NOSOCOMIUM entry uses Hospital for an institution where poor sick people are attended and, if possible, cured.
hospital / hospital / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s NOTES in Musick entry describes a fixed group of six select syllables formerly used to distinguish degrees of sound.
select / select / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Jurisprudentia Frisica
hatia / hatia / Codex Roorda manuscript dated 1490-1504; source-reported
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in Jurisprudentia Frisicareporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Jurisprudentia Frisica
hatia / hatia / Codex Roorda manuscript dated 1490-1504; source-reported
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in Jurisprudentia Frisicareporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Jurisprudentia Frisica
hatia / hatia / Codex Roorda manuscript dated 1490-1504; source-reported
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in Jurisprudentia Frisicareporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.