GRAPH-WIDE SEARCH
MEASURE THE GRAPH ↗NOT JUST A DICTIONARY LOOKUP
6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONSSEARCH
THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 1 headword matching “Scan”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
scanEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *skend-der. Proto-Italic *skandō Latin scandōbor. Middle English scanden Middle English scanne English scan From late Middle English scanne (“to mark off verse to show metrical structure”), from earlier scanden, from Late Latin scandere (“to scan verse”), from Classical Latin scandō (“to climb, rise, mount”), from Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to jump, dart, climb, scale, scan”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗scanEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *skend-der. Proto-Italic *skandō Latin scandōbor. Middle English scanden Middle English scanne English scan From late Middle English scanne (“to mark off verse to show metrical structure”), from earlier scanden, from Late Latin scandere (“to scan verse”), from Classical Latin scandō (“to climb, rise, mount”), from Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to jump, dart, climb, scale, scan”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →018
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
Danish common-gender noundossier summary
fjende
Modern Danish fjende is the ordinary noun for a person, state, force, ideological opponent, or figurative thing that harms something else. Den Danske Ordbog derives it from Old Norse fjándi, compares German Feind, and identifies the older formation as a present participle of a verb corresponding to Old Norse fjá, to hate or persecute. Gammeldansk Ordbog records fiende broadly from 1100–1300. Ordbog over det danske Sprog preserves fiende, finde, and related spellings, an ordinary enemy sense, military and animal uses, abstract threats, and a special religious Devil branch. Holbergordbog shows that Fiende could still scan as either three syllables or two, alongside Fiænde, Finde, Fînde, and clipped Fiend. The word is therefore a grammatical fossil, not a current psychological definition: a lexicalized one-who-hates became the ordinary Danish enemy noun and accumulated broad contextual work. The current pronunciations are dictionary records, not retrojections into medieval Danish. No manuscript or print object is claimed as directly inspected.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Norse masculine nouncontrarian claim
frændi
Old Norse frændi belongs to the same inherited Germanic present-participial family as English friend, German Freund, and Dutch vriend, but cognacy did not freeze one meaning. The Dictionary of Old Norse Prose structures 225 citations into friend; foster brother or companion; kinsman, relative, or son; parents; and ancestor, while warning that the friend and kin divisions are not sharp. Cleasby and Vigfússon call the Scandinavian semantic specialization striking and treat kinsman as the ordinary center; Zoëga likewise gives kinsman, brother, son, and ancestor. Fritzner preserves the historical formation as a participle of frjá and compares the West and East Germanic friend words. The graph joins frændi directly to the same reviewed *frijōnd-, *frī-, and proposed *prī- nodes as friend, Freund, and vriend, then stops. The displayed pronunciation is a normalized approximation, not recorded medieval audio.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Norse weak verbdossier summary
hata
Old Norse hata is not only a medieval label for an inward feeling. The Dictionary of Old Norse Prose structures 101 prose citations under four active senses before its participial and reflexive branches: persecute; despise, reject, or cast aside; mock or humiliate; and hate, despise, or stand hostile toward. That ordering is a lexicographic analysis, not a chronology of semantic change. Fritzner independently begins with pursue or seek to destroy, continues through damage or destruction, and only then gives hate opposed to love. Zoëga likewise preserves poetic damage or destruction beside ordinary hate, while Cleasby and Vigfússon record active, reflexive, reciprocal, participial, and disputed poetic uses. Lexicon Poeticum displays eleven linked rows, including variants, damage, destruction, persecution, loathing, haters, and the gold-spending formula, but warns that its concordance has not been reviewed and that dates need checking. A c1200 scan of Holm perg 15 4°, folio 89v, was directly inspected against ONP's diplomatic transcription and visibly preserves hata in the line Elſcaþu hréinlife oc hata engi maɴ. All other rows remain source-reported. The generated possible runic inscriptions on modern dictionary transcriptions are excluded, and no exact historical pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon adjectivedossier summary
hōti
Old Saxon hōti is a normalized adjective headword supported by three Heliand loci and five reported witness readings: nominative plural hotie in manuscript M and huotia in C at line 5183; accusative singular hotean in M and huotian in C at line 5246; and nominative singular huoti in C at line 5285. The Munich forms hotie and hotean are directly visible in Cgm 25 scans 150 and 152; the three Cotton readings remain source-reported. Köbler nevertheless prints hōti* with a trailing star, so the mark cannot be reduced to “no nominative exists”: the same entry explicitly reports nominative huoti. The deeper genealogy splits. UT groups hōti with the inherited hate family under Pokorny's k̑ād- “hate, displeasure, uneasiness”; Köbler cross-references hatōn as a headword but gives the adjective a distinct etymology through Germanic *hwōtja- beside *hwōtō “threat” and Pokorny's *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- complex “bore, prick, stab,” whose wider reflexes include whetting and inciting. The graph preserves both lanes. It does not turn hostile intent into a timeless essence, infer exact pronunciation from spelling, or pretend that a dictionary cross-reference settles ancestry.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbcontrarian claim
law
A binding rule, body of rules, or regular principle; a Scandinavian loan in Old English whose deepest secure family means lie or lay.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjective · nouncontrarian claim
legal
Of law or permitted by law; borrowed through Anglo-French from Latin lēgālis and lēx.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
person
An individual human being, historically from Latin persōna, whose older semantic field includes theatrical mask, character, and role.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
trust
Assured reliance, confidence, or responsibility; probably entering Middle English from Scandinavian material meaning confidence and firmness.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗021
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
0318
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openspeculativeposition text
Why did kinship become central in Scandinavian?
Cleasby–Vigfússon and Fritzner propose social explanations involving strong family bonds and mutual obligation, but the textual distribution does not uniquely prove one causal event.
openprobableposition text
Does persōna securely mean a mask through which sound passes?
No secure reviewed etymology derives it as Latin per plus sonāre. The historical sources instead report a probable Etruscan connection and treat the origin as difficult.
openproposedposition text
Is persona to phersu to prosōpon one certain chain?
No. Latin persōna to Etruscan phersu is probable in major references, while the deeper Greek comparison is proposed and contested.
openprobableposition text
Was the exact donor of trust Old Norse traust?
Probably Scandinavian, perhaps Old Norse traust, but the reviewed authorities do not present the precise donor as certain.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Were the medieval and early-modern witness objects directly inspected?
No. This review inspected dictionary records and a scanned etymological dictionary page, not the Skåne-Lagen manuscript, Söderwall’s underlying medieval objects, or the cited early-modern print pages.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was historical Fiende pronounced with two syllables or three?
Both patterns are source-reported. Holbergordbog separates three-syllable and two-syllable scans and links the latter with Finde and Fînde forms.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are Fiende, Fiænde, Finde, Fînde, and Fiend separate words?
Not in the reviewed articles. They are treated as surface and scansion variants of the same lexical family.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does Holberg scansion reproduce ordinary speech exactly?
Not necessarily. It is evidence for metrical realization and variation, not audio or a complete social map of pronunciation.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did the Scandinavian cognates preserve exactly the English companion sense?
No. OED says the Scandinavian words center the sense relative, while their ordinary friend sense is expressed by another word family.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was kinship the recorded Scandinavian center?
Yes, but not the exclusive sense. Cleasby–Vigfússon and Zoëga center kinsman, while ONP preserves narrower friend and companion groups beside the much broader relative record.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does English friend define what Old Norse frændi must mean?
No. Cognates can diverge semantically. OED explicitly contrasts West Germanic friend with Scandinavian relative, and ONP documents the Old Norse distribution directly.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was the relation or kinsman sense absent from Old English?
No. OED cites the Rushworth Gospels and Laws of Cnut under close relation or kinsman. The sense later becomes regionally restricted in English but is attested in Old English.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 6
RANK 40GRADE Aranked reveal
Modern Danish kept the enemy but lost the hate verb inside its grammar.
DDO identifies fjende as historically a present participle of a verb corresponding to Old Norse fjá, to hate or persecute. Old Danish fiende then survives through a remarkable surface cloud: Fiende, Fiænde, Finde, Fînde, clipped Fiend, and both two- and three-syllable scans. The current noun no longer means that every enemy literally feels hate; it names active opposition and extends to states, ideologies, animals, weather, and abstractions. The grammatical fossil unveils a history, not a timeless essence.
RANK 55GRADE Aranked reveal
frændi is friend’s cognate—but kinship became its Old Norse center.
The Germanic family did not carry one frozen dictionary definition into every daughter language. OED places Old Icelandic frændi beside English friend; Cleasby–Vigfússon and Fritzner preserve the old participial analysis; ONP then exposes what happened in use. Its 225 citations distinguish friend, foster brother or companion, kinsman or son, parents, and ancestor, with no sharp wall between friend and kin. The unveiling is semantic divergence backed by a shared graph: English centers chosen companion, while the Scandinavian cognate centers family without ceasing to be cognate.
RANK 117GRADE Aranked reveal
A person was a mask and role before the modern individual.
Latin persōna carries mask, role, and character senses; a probable Etruscan phersu connection and proposed Greek route remain visibly uncertain.
RANK 153GRADE Aranked reveal
Trust is confidence made firm.
The likely Scandinavian noun belongs to a Germanic family of firmness and faith. Its exact Old Norse donor remains probable rather than certain.
RANK 183GRADE A−ranked reveal
Law and legal are semantic twins, not direct relatives.
Law comes from Scandinavian “what is laid down”; legal comes from Latin lēx. Only a possible, explicitly uncertain prehistoric route may reconnect them.
RANK 191GRADE Aranked reveal
Legal is not descended from English law.
The meanings meet; the family trees do not. legal is Latin, while law is Germanic and Scandinavian.
048
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
digitized primary source9 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 41, folio 20r, heti locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source8 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 45, folio 22r, hatan locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗etymological dictionary7 CLAIM LINKS
Svensk etymologisk ordbok — fiende, scan p. 135
Elof Hellquist / 1922
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗etymological dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language — hetzen
Friedrich Kluge · translated by John Francis Davis / 1891
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source4 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 142, hatandiero locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source4 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 150, hotie locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source4 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 152, hotean locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source3 CLAIM LINKS
ONP manuscript record — Holm perg 15 4° with folio 89v scan
Sprogsamlinger · University of Copenhagen / 1200
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗058
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Heliand manuscript M, enemy command
hatan / hatōn / Heliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth century
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 45, folio 22r, hatan locusreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Heliand manuscript M, arrest scene
hatan / hatōn / Heliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth century
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 142, hatandiero locusreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Heliand manuscript M, Beatitudes persecution clause
heti / heti / Heliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth century
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 41, folio 20r, heti locusreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Heliand manuscript M, Pilate question
hōti / hōti / Heliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth century
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 150, hotie locusreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Heliand manuscript M, accusation before Pilate
hōti / hōti / Heliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth century
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 152, hotean locusreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Holm perg 15 4° folio 89v
hata / hata / c1200
ONP manuscript record — Holm perg 15 4° with folio 89v scanreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The e-rara object record and searchable scan locate John Harris's dictionary definition of algorithm.
algorithm / algorithm / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster source-reported Old English record
lagu / law / before the 12th century
Law — Word Historywitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.