{{R:hrx:Boll|134|1}}</ref> Has mostly ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"displaced","href":"./Template:displaced"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"hrx"},"2":{"wt":"Fluss"},"sl":{"wt":"1"},"nocap":{"wt":"1"}},"i":1}},"."]}' id="mwRg"> Unadapted borrowing from Brazilian Portuguese rio . Has mostly displaced Fluss .
GRAPH-WIDE SEARCH
MEASURE THE GRAPH ↗NOT JUST A DICTIONARY LOOKUP
6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONSSEARCH
THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCALNo exact match for “Rio” in this partial English subset. That does not mean the full research corpus—or linguistic scholarship—has no record. Check the original dictionary entry ↗
INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →Rio
This word is outside the curated dossier collection. Here is the dictionary’s etymology, with its language and revision preserved. These claims have not yet passed *SET-U’s graph review.
From Spanish rio .
Ellipsis of Rio de Janeiro .
Read the complete entry and references ↗ · Contribute a cited dossier
012
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nouncontrarian claim
logic
The discipline and practice of valid reasoning, inherited through French and Latin from a Greek family of word, account, speech, and reason.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbdossier summary
quarantine
Isolation used to prevent contagion, named through a Romance expression for a period of forty.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗022
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
0315
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedposition text
Does cais securely prove cognacy with the Germanic hate family?
No. The Celtic–Germanic comparison is serious enough to display, but the graph keeps it as a context link rather than a genealogical edge because formal and semantic acceptance remain unsettled.
openprobableposition text
How was historical cais pronounced in each cited period and region?
Not directly recoverable from the reviewed evidence. Written forms and variants do not constitute recorded audio or a complete phonological reconstruction.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest brightness root *kand- or *(s)kend-?
The graph preserves both published analyses. The newer Merriam-Webster route uses *(s)kend- and explains candēre through a zero-grade stative formation; the prior *kand- route remains proposed.
openproposedposition text
Is *set-u- certain?
No. It is a serious published reconstruction, but the exact morphology and wider family are analyzed differently by scholars.
openproposedposition text
Did hate originally mean pursuit or persecution?
The Germanic action evidence makes pursuit or persecution a serious proposal, not a settled origin. Beowulf, hettan, German hetzen, and Hati support the comparison, but the full deep family remains murky.
openestablishedposition text
Was persecution the securely recovered original meaning?
No. The Heliand context supports persecution or endured hostility at one branch locus, but a daughter-language context cannot by itself establish semantic priority in Proto-Germanic or Proto-Indo-European.
openproposedposition text
Was the formation a causative “make hate” or an action verb “make pursue”?
Both descriptions occur, and their priority is not settled here. Duden analyzes a causative to hassen; Orel derives *xatjanan from the hate noun; Bailey and the medieval record foreground chase or persecution.
openprobableposition text
Can the relative sense be proved older than the friend sense?
No. The early records and comparative languages show both social fields, but the reviewed sources do not recover a single semantic priority event.
openproposedposition text
Is *setu-mo- the certain ancestor of ἔτυμος?
No. The analysis is serious and published, but the exact morphology and wider *set-u- family remain debated.
resolvedprobableposition text
Does the contrast miscais prove that bare cais originally meant love?
No. The contrast is evidence that some contexts oppose the forms, but prefixal morphology and a translated contrast do not by themselves recover the oldest sense of bare cais.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was an etymologist an ancient Greek professional title?
No. The English agent noun is reported only from the Early Modern period, though its base ultimately contains Greek material.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the fiógaþ manuscript variant establish exact Old English pronunciation?
No. A spelling variant supports textual variation but does not by itself fix one phonetic value across dialects, periods, and inflections.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 3
RANK 9GRADE Aranked reveal
The most repeated origin story is not the most rigorous answer.
Mapuche ancestry is a serious, evidenced proposal—but current RAE and a historical Spanish argument keep the deeper source genuinely open.
RANK 34GRADE Aranked reveal
The Devil entered English as the Enemy—and the enemy was a fossilized hater.
OED’s revised history identifies fiend as an inherited Germanic noun made from the present participle of the hate verb. Old English fēond meant enemy and foe as well as Devil; OED explains Satan as the ultimate Enemy and marks the literal enemy sense obsolete after the medieval period. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV still visibly preserves feondes in a concrete foe’s-footprint scene at Beowulf 2289.
RANK 177GRADE Acontrarian claim
Quarantine is literally a period of forty.
The public-health sense preserves Italian quaranta: forty.
0411
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary9 CLAIM LINKS
Aguacate — Diccionario de la lengua española
Real Academia Española · Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española / 2024
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
Ahuacatl — Gran Diccionario Náhuatl
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Editors / 2012
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly monograph6 CLAIM LINKS
The Lemmatisation of Old English Weak Verbs on a Relational Database
Marta Tío Sáenz / 2019
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗institutional lexicon5 CLAIM LINKS
Chá — Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa
Porto Editora Editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
Poncho — Diccionario de la lengua española
Real Academia Española and ASALE Editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗institutional vocabulary5 CLAIM LINKS
Yatichaña aru pirwa: Vocabulario pedagógico aimara
Ministerio de Educación del Perú / 2020
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary4 CLAIM LINKS
Hamaca — Diccionario de la lengua española
Real Academia Española · Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española / 2024
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary4 CLAIM LINKS
Llama — Diccionario de la lengua española
Real Academia Española and ASALE Editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary3 CLAIM LINKS
Alpaca — Diccionario de la lengua española
Real Academia Española and ASALE Editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗institutional vocabulary3 CLAIM LINKS
Yachachinapaq shimikuna — chawpin qichwa: Vocabulario pedagógico quechua central
Ministerio de Educación del Perú / 2020
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly series1 CLAIM LINKS
Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series
Various
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗052
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Molina 1571 Nahuatl dictionary entry
āhuacatl / aguacate / 1571 Molina dictionary record
Ahuacatl — Gran Diccionario Náhuatlreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa headword
chá / chá / current Infopédia lexical record
Chá — Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesareporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.