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START / NODE 1100Old EnglishOld English
hatian
An attested Old English verb for hating whose objects include persons, enemies, vices, and deeds. It continues a reconstructed Germanic weak verb commonly represented as *hatōjan-, but published reconstructions vary, its relationship to the noun base is derivational rather than direct word-to-word descent, and the proposed deeper Indo-European route remains semantically opaque.
“Old English hate was grammatically directed at conduct as well as people: rulers hate their subjects’ vices, and Gregory’s Pastoral Care distinguishes loving what enemies are from hating what they do.”OPEN COMPLETE WORD DOSSIER ↗
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01
PARENT ROUTES1 REVIEWED RELATIONSHIP
Old Englishhatian
to hate, treat as an enemy, persecute, or in a cited context pursue
↑GO DEEPER
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic*hatōjan-to hate or treat with enmity
*
RECONSTRUCTED, NOT DIRECTLY ATTESTED
- SOUND CHANGE
- Old English hatian continues the reconstructed Germanic weak verb *hatōjan-, with the inherited stem and reduced inflection.
- SEMANTIC CHANGE
- The Germanic hostile-disposition verb continues in Old English; pursuit or persecution may preserve a more concrete action sense.
- SCHOLAR
- Merriam-Webster Editors · Anatoly Liberman
- CONFIDENCE
- established — The formal inheritance is secure; the semantic priority of pursuit is proposed.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Proto-Germanic reconstruction into attested Old English.
4 CITATIONSHate — definition, etymology, and first known useVerb etymology: Germanic *hatōjan- The shortest history of hatred continued and partly concludedOld English pursuit and Germanic verb discussion HATIAN — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary HHATIAN entry, grammar and examples A Handbook of Germanic Etymology — *xataz, *xatjanan, and *xatōjananp. 203, *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan AUDIT CANONICAL EDGE 1095 ↗
Publishes the reconstructed formal path.
ORIGINAL ↗Supplies the proposed concrete semantic history.
ORIGINAL ↗Documents the Old English weak verb and its attested syntactic range.
ORIGINAL ↗Supplies the Germanic verb reconstruction and cognate set while preserving notation variation.
ORIGINAL ↗THE ASTERISK IS A PROMISE
RECONSTRUCTION IS
NOT INSCRIPTION.
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