*SET-U

CANONICAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

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NODE / 1264reconstructedProto-Indo-European

*kad-t/si-

TRANSLITERATION *kad-t/si-

a proposed formation underlying Proto-Celtic *katsi-

DATE
proposed pre-Celtic or Indo-European formation
SENSE
proposed suffixal formation
FAMILY
Indo-European
CANONICAL KEY
node:6:kad-t-si:reconstructed:sense:proposed-suffixal-formation

The segmented form and its chronology are analytical. The notation follows Koch; it is not a directly attested word or an independently dated speech form.

*

This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.

01

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

1
GO DEEPERderivationproposed
Proto-Indo-European · proposed Proto-Indo-European base · proposed deep love hatred base

*kad-

a proposed base used in a wider Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Iranian, and Greek comparison

SOUND
The proposed *kad-t/si- formation is analyzed from the base *kad- with suffixal material.
MEANING
The wider comparison links semantically difficult fields including love, hatred, care, grief, and enmity; the graph preserves the comparison without declaring a single original meaning.
CHRONOLOGY
Two reconstructed analytical levels rather than independently dated lexical tokens.
SCHOLAR
John T. Koch · Anatoly Liberman
CONFIDENCE
proposed — The formal proposal is published, while the cross-branch semantic unity is disputed.
The shortest history of hatred continued and partly concludedchallengesNon-Germanic comparison and semantic conclusion

Questions whether the proposed members form one transparent family.

ORIGINAL ↗
Celto-Germanic — HATRED *kad-supportsp. 101, HATRED *kad- comparison

Publishes the analytical base and wider cross-branch set.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 1235 ↗
02

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

1
DESCENDANTderivationproposed
Proto-Celtic · proposed Proto-Celtic · celtic love hatred proposal

*katsi-

a proposed Celtic formation compared with Middle Irish cais and Old Welsh cas

SOUND
Koch analyzes *katsi- from *kad-t/si-. The displayed consonant cluster and affricate outcome follow that published reconstruction rather than an independently observed sound record.
MEANING
A proposed suffixal formation is assigned to the Celtic love and hatred field; no single direction of semantic development is recovered.
CHRONOLOGY
Analytical pre-Celtic formation into proposed Proto-Celtic, not directly attested stages.
SCHOLAR
John T. Koch
CONFIDENCE
proposed — The notation and morphological segmentation are a comparative proposal.
Celto-Germanic — HATRED *kad-supportsp. 101, *katsi- < *kad-t/si-

Publishes the proposed formation and direction.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 1234 ↗
03

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

2

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
2
REVIEWED EDGES
2
DEEPEST PATH
2
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
1
cais2 connected nodes
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
STEP 01derivationproposed
Proto-Indo-European*kad-t/si-→Proto-Celtic · proposed Proto-Celtic*katsi-a proposed Celtic formation compared with Middle Irish cais and Old Welsh cas
SOUND
Koch analyzes *katsi- from *kad-t/si-. The displayed consonant cluster and affricate outcome follow that published reconstruction rather than an independently observed sound record.
MEANING
A proposed suffixal formation is assigned to the Celtic love and hatred field; no single direction of semantic development is recovered.
John T. Koch1 CITATIONEDGE 1234 ↗
Celto-Germanic — HATRED *kad- · p. 101, *katsi- < *kad-t/si- ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE
STEP 02proposed inheritanceproposed
Proto-Celtic*katsi-→Middle Irish · Middle Irish and later Irish dictionary citationscaislove; hate, with readings dependent on context
SOUND
Koch compares Middle Irish cais with Proto-Celtic *katsi-. The reviewed evidence does not publish a complete, dated chain of Goidelic sound changes, so no missing intermediate forms are invented.
MEANING
The attested Irish entry carries both love and hate readings. The reconstruction does not identify which reading is older or prove that the opposition was already present in Proto-Celtic.
John T. Koch · Royal Irish Academy eDIL editors3 CITATIONSEDGE 1233 ↗
The shortest history of hatred continued and partly concluded · Discussion of Irish cais and the non-Germanic comparison ↗Celto-Germanic — HATRED *kad- · p. 101, Proto-Celtic *katsi- and Middle Irish cais ↗eDIL — 1 cais, noun explained as both love and hate · Headword 1 cais; forms caise; love and hate explanation ↗

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

04

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

0
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.

That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.

05

EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

1
03cais*kad-t/si- · proposed