*SET-U

MULTI-WORD EVIDENCE LAB

PAIRWISE LAB ↗
THE QUESTION THE GRAPH WAS BUILT TO ANSWER2–8 WORDS

CONNECT
THE WHOLE
FAMILY.

Ask how several words are related. *SET-U computes pairwise shortest paths, then builds a compact spanning forest from cited lexical edges. A shared person or text may bridge islands, but it is never mislabeled as ancestry.

7WORDS

Reviewed dossiers resolved from the request.

14NODES

Distinct forms in the spanning evidence network.

13EDGES

Distinct cited lexical relationships used.

11SOURCES

Distinct bibliographic records supporting this view.

ONE REVIEWED NETWORK6 lexical branches · 0 context bridges
çaycháchaiteaчайچائےچای
01

THE SPANNING EVIDENCE FOREST

6 BRANCHES CONNECT THE RESOLVED WORDS

01
REVIEWED LEXICAL PATH

çay ↔ چای

2 EDGES
01
Turkish · Turkey Turkish record–today

çay

tea plant, leaves, beverage, and later social-event senses

attested
borrowing via persian

The core tea meaning remains, then Turkish develops ordinary plant, beverage, gathering, and refreshment senses.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Turkish çay belongs to the Chinese cha/chay family, but the reviewed Turkish study argues that historical Turkey Turkish received it through Persian rather than by direct Chinese contact.

Erdoğan Boz · Östen Dahl · probableChapter 138: Tea · Chapter 138 — overland cha/chai-type distribution ↗OPEN EDGE 535 ↗
02
Mandarin Chinese · modern Mandarin

茶

tea

attested
borrowing

The meaning remains tea.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Persian čāy is reported as derived from Chinese ch’a, retaining the cha onset and adding the final glide represented in Persian transliteration.

Daniel Balland · Marcel Bazin · probableČĀY — Tea · Headword etymology and The spread of tea in the Persian world ↗OPEN EDGE 233 ↗
02
REVIEWED LEXICAL PATH

çay ↔ чай

2 EDGES
01
Turkish · Turkey Turkish record–today

çay

tea plant, leaves, beverage, and later social-event senses

attested
borrowing via persian

The core tea meaning remains, then Turkish develops ordinary plant, beverage, gathering, and refreshment senses.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Turkish çay belongs to the Chinese cha/chay family, but the reviewed Turkish study argues that historical Turkey Turkish received it through Persian rather than by direct Chinese contact.

Erdoğan Boz · Östen Dahl · probableChapter 138: Tea · Chapter 138 — overland cha/chai-type distribution ↗OPEN EDGE 535 ↗
02
Mandarin Chinese · modern Mandarin

茶

tea

attested
borrowing via turkic

The tea meaning remains stable across the relay.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Russian чай is traced through a relay of Turkic forms—including Turkish, Crimean Tatar, Tatar, Kyrgyz, Altai, and Uyghur comparisons—to northern Chinese ch’a; no single immediate donor is silently selected.

Max Vasmer · Östen Dahl · probableChapter 138: Tea · Chapter 138 — overland cha/chai-type distribution ↗OPEN EDGE 539 ↗
03
REVIEWED LEXICAL PATH

çay ↔ چائے

2 EDGES
01
Turkish · Turkey Turkish record–today

çay

tea plant, leaves, beverage, and later social-event senses

attested
borrowing via persian

The core tea meaning remains, then Turkish develops ordinary plant, beverage, gathering, and refreshment senses.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Turkish çay belongs to the Chinese cha/chay family, but the reviewed Turkish study argues that historical Turkey Turkish received it through Persian rather than by direct Chinese contact.

Erdoğan Boz · Östen Dahl · probableChapter 138: Tea · Chapter 138 — overland cha/chai-type distribution ↗OPEN EDGE 535 ↗
02
Mandarin Chinese · modern Mandarin

茶

tea

attested
overland borrowing route

The general tea meaning remains, with local extensions to infusions and social tea.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Urdu cāy belongs to the cha/chay family ultimately derived from Chinese chá; Rekhta labels the current Urdu headword Persian in origin, while the graph does not invent an exact dated Persian-to-Urdu event.

Rekhta Dictionary Editors · Östen Dahl · Merriam-Webster Editors · probableChapter 138: Tea · Chapter 138 — overland cha/chai-type distribution ↗OPEN EDGE 543 ↗
04
REVIEWED LEXICAL PATH

chai ↔ چای

3 EDGES
01
Present-Day English · 1984–today

chai

a tea beverage commonly prepared with spices, milk, and sweetener

attested
borrowing

A general word for tea specializes in English toward South Asian-style spiced tea.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

English chai adapts the chay/cāy form as /tʃaɪ/.

Merriam-Webster Editors · probableChai — Definition and Word History · Etymology and First Known Use ↗OPEN EDGE 228 ↗
02
Hindustani (Hindi–Urdu) · modern Hindi–Urdu

चाय / چائے

tea

attested
overland borrowing route

The core meaning remains tea, while preparation traditions vary across receiving languages.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Hindustani cāy belongs to the cha/chay family derived from Chinese chá; the final glide and exact sequence of intermediaries are not treated as one settled sound law.

Östen Dahl · Merriam-Webster Editors · probableChapter 138: Tea · Chapter 138, discussion of overland chai-type transmission ↗OPEN EDGE 229 ↗
03
Mandarin Chinese · modern Mandarin

茶

tea

attested
borrowing

The meaning remains tea.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Persian čāy is reported as derived from Chinese ch’a, retaining the cha onset and adding the final glide represented in Persian transliteration.

Daniel Balland · Marcel Bazin · probableČĀY — Tea · Headword etymology and The spread of tea in the Persian world ↗OPEN EDGE 233 ↗
05
REVIEWED LEXICAL PATH

chá ↔ tea

5 EDGES
01
Portuguese · Portuguese record–today

chá

tea plant, leaves, infusion, and related current senses

attested
borrowing

The meaning remains tea, later extending regularly to the plant, leaves, infusion, and social uses.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Portuguese chá adapts a Cantonese cha-type form with Portuguese spelling and /ʃ/ realization; Infopédia instead labels the source Mandarin.

Östen Dahl · Porto Editora Editors · probableChapter 138: Tea · Chapter 138 — Portuguese import through Macao; chá from Cantonese cha ↗OPEN EDGE 528 ↗
02
Cantonese · Cantonese contact form

茶

tea

attested
sinitic reflex

The tea meaning remains stable.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Cantonese cha is treated as a Sinitic reflex of the word reconstructed as Old Chinese *lˤra; no false one-line sound law is invented.

Östen Dahl · William H. Baxter · Laurent Sagart · probableChapter 138: Tea · Chapter 138 — Cantonese cha and the Sinitic cha class ↗OPEN EDGE 529 ↗
03
Old Chinese (reconstructed) · Old Chinese reconstruction

*lˤra

name of a plant

reconstructed
sinitic reflex

The plant or beverage meaning remains tea.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Southern Min te is treated as a divergent Sinitic reflex of the word reconstructed by Baxter and Sagart as Old Chinese *lˤra; the exact sound history is not reduced here to one uncontroversial rule.

Östen Dahl · William H. Baxter · Laurent Sagart · probableChapter 138: Tea · Chapter 138, values 1 and 2 and explanatory discussion ↗OPEN EDGE 226 ↗
04
Xiamen Min Chinese · Southern Min, attested in modern descriptions

茶

tea

attested
borrowing

The meaning remains tea.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Dutch thee adapts the Southern Min te-type pronunciation with Dutch spelling conventions.

Östen Dahl · establishedChapter 138: Tea · Chapter 138, discussion of Min Nan and Dutch contacts ↗OPEN EDGE 225 ↗
05
Dutch · 17th century–today

thee

tea

attested
borrowing

The plant and beverage senses were retained, then English developed additional meal, social-event, infusion, and slang branches.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

English tea reflects the Dutch thee-type form; the modern /iː/ follows the wider English raising of earlier /eː/.

Östen Dahl · probableChapter 138: Tea · Chapter 138, discussion of Dutch diffusion from Amoy/Xiamen ↗OPEN EDGE 224 ↗
06
REVIEWED LEXICAL PATH

chá ↔ چای

5 EDGES
01
Portuguese · Portuguese record–today

chá

tea plant, leaves, infusion, and related current senses

attested
borrowing

The meaning remains tea, later extending regularly to the plant, leaves, infusion, and social uses.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Portuguese chá adapts a Cantonese cha-type form with Portuguese spelling and /ʃ/ realization; Infopédia instead labels the source Mandarin.

Östen Dahl · Porto Editora Editors · probableChapter 138: Tea · Chapter 138 — Portuguese import through Macao; chá from Cantonese cha ↗OPEN EDGE 528 ↗
02
Cantonese · Cantonese contact form

茶

tea

attested
sinitic reflex

The tea meaning remains stable.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Cantonese cha is treated as a Sinitic reflex of the word reconstructed as Old Chinese *lˤra; no false one-line sound law is invented.

Östen Dahl · William H. Baxter · Laurent Sagart · probableChapter 138: Tea · Chapter 138 — Cantonese cha and the Sinitic cha class ↗OPEN EDGE 529 ↗
03
Old Chinese (reconstructed) · Old Chinese reconstruction

*lˤra

name of a plant

reconstructed
historical reconstruction

The gloss remains a plant name associated with tea.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Baxter and Sagart reconstruct Middle Chinese drae from Old Chinese *lˤra for the same character 茶.

William H. Baxter · Laurent Sagart · probableBaxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction, Version 1.1 · Table row 茶 chá, PDF page 11 ↗OPEN EDGE 231 ↗
04
Middle Chinese (reconstructed reading) · Middle Chinese reconstruction

*drae

tea; name of a plant

reconstructed
historical continuation

The tea meaning remains stable.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Modern Mandarin chá continues the Chinese word represented by reconstructed Middle Chinese *drae, with the onset and vowel changes summarized by the Baxter–Sagart correspondence table.

William H. Baxter · Laurent Sagart · probableBaxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction, Version 1.1 · Table row 茶 chá, PDF page 11 ↗OPEN EDGE 230 ↗
05
Mandarin Chinese · modern Mandarin

茶

tea

attested
borrowing

The meaning remains tea.

SOUND + EVIDENCE

Persian čāy is reported as derived from Chinese ch’a, retaining the cha onset and adding the final glide represented in Persian transliteration.

Daniel Balland · Marcel Bazin · probableČĀY — Tea · Headword etymology and The spread of tea in the Persian world ↗OPEN EDGE 233 ↗
03

WHAT THIS VIEW PROVES

COMPACT DOES NOT MEAN CERTAIN

01PAIRWISE SEARCH

Every resolved pair is searched through the undirected reviewed graph, bounded at 12 edges.

02LEXICAL FIRST

Cited ancestry, borrowing, derivation, and semantic continuation paths are preferred over historical-context bridges.

03SPANNING FOREST

The shortest available pair paths are greedily selected until each connectable word belongs to one network.

04NO STEINER CLAIM

This is a compact evidence view, not a claim that scholarship has one uniquely minimal family tree.