Canonical edges, each carrying form and meaning history.
THE CHANGE ATLAS
WORD FAMILIES ↗EVERY REVIEWED EDGE / TWO HISTORIES EACH
FORM → MEANING → EVIDENCEHOW WORDS MOVE.
HOW MEANINGS MUTATE.
A global atlas of every reviewed transformation in the graph—from lost vowels and borrowed spellings to meanings narrowed, inverted, elevated, and remade.
EVERY TRANSFORMATION
IS A CLAIM.
Every edge names the linked forms, relationship, sound history, semantic history, scholar, confidence, chronology when known, and the sources that warrant it. Search the language of change without flattening it.
No reviewed edge is allowed to omit what changed in form.
No reviewed edge is allowed to omit what changed in meaning.
515 distinct sources support the edge ledger.
Named analyses remain attached instead of becoming anonymous fact.
Borrowing, inheritance, derivation, uncertainty, and more stay distinct.
011025 MATCHING EDGES
SEARCH THE TRANSFORMATIONS
FOLLOW CHANGE ITSELF.
all changeSearch form and meaning togethersound historySearch phonological and formal changemeaning historySearch mutation in sense and use
The atlas searches the exact reviewed prose and authoritative edge labels. It does not manufacture universal “sound laws” or semantic categories by guessing from descriptions.
02PAGE 15 / 43
SOUND HISTORY
1025 EVIDENCE-BACKED CHANGES
EDGE725established
Middle English reule was borrowed from Anglo-French reule.
The guide or standard sense crosses into English.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE726established
Anglo-French reule continues Latin rēgula through Romance sound and spelling history.
A straightedge or ruler also supplies an abstract guide or principle.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE727established
Latin rēgula continues reconstructed suffixed *rēg-olā-.
A straight piece or rod develops both measuring and normative rule senses.
CHRONOLOGYThe parent is a comparative morphological reconstruction.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
3LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE728established
Proto-Indo-European*rēg-olā-straight piece or rod formation→Proto-Indo-European*h₃reg-move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule
Reconstructed *rēg-olā- is a suffixed formation under centum *h₃reg-.
The straight-piece formation specializes the straight-and-direct root.
CHRONOLOGYComparative morphology, not one dated coinage event.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
3LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE731established
Present-Day Englishregularconforming to rule, pattern, order, or interval→Middle Englishregulerliving under or according to a rule
Modern regular continues Middle English reguler through English spelling and sound history.
Living by a rule expands to orderly, patterned, recurring, standard, and normal.
CHRONOLOGYMerriam-Webster reports adjective use in the fourteenth century.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE732established
Middle English reguler was borrowed through Anglo-French reguler.
The rule-governed adjective crosses into English.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE733established
Anglo-French reguler continues Late Latin rēgulāris through Romance transmission.
According to a rule remains the central inherited relation.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE734established
Late Latin rēgulāris is an adjective formed from Latin rēgula.
Of a bar or according to rule develops orderly and regular senses.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE739established
Present-Day Englishregulategovern, order, direct, or adjust according to rule→Middle Englishregulategovern or direct according to rule
Modern regulate continues the reported Middle English verb.
Govern or direct according to rule expands to ordering, controlling, and technical adjustment.
CHRONOLOGYMerriam-Webster reports use in the fifteenth century.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE740established
The Middle English verb reflects Late Latin regulātus.
A regulated or directed participle supplies the English verb formation.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE741established
Late Latin regulātus is the past participle of regulāre.
The participle preserves the verb’s directing and regulating sense.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE742established
Late Latin regulāre is formed from Latin rēgula.
To regulate or direct means act according to a rule.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE747established
Modern royal continues Middle English roial through English spelling and sound history.
Of a monarch or crown expands to magnificent and superior.
CHRONOLOGYMerriam-Webster reports adjective use in the fourteenth century.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE748established
Middle English roial was borrowed from Anglo-French roial or real.
The monarch adjective crosses into English.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE749established
Anglo-French roial continues Latin rēgālis through Romance sound and spelling history.
The kingly adjective remains monarch-centered.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE750established
Latin rēgālis is formed from rēx, rēg-, king.
Kingly or royal is transparently derived from the king noun.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
2LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE751established
Latin rēx reflects reconstructed lengthened-grade *rēg-.
The lengthened grade supplies an Indo-European king formation.
CHRONOLOGYThe parent is reconstructed; rēx is attested Latin.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
2LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE752established
Proto-Indo-European*rēg-king or ruler formation→Proto-Indo-European*h₃reg-move in a straight line; direct, lead, rule
Lengthened-grade *rēg- belongs under centum *h₃reg-.
The ruler or king formation specializes the straight, direct, lead, and rule family.
CHRONOLOGYComparative ablaut analysis, not one dated institutional event.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
7LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE755established
Modern regal continues the Middle English adjective.
Royal or kingly expands to magnificent or splendid.
CHRONOLOGYMerriam-Webster reports use in the fifteenth century.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE757established
Old French regal continues Latin rēgālis.
The kingly adjective remains monarch-centered.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE763established
Modern realm continues Middle English realme through spelling reduction.
Kingdom broadens to any domain or sphere.
CHRONOLOGYMerriam-Webster reports use in the thirteenth century.
2CLAIM CITATIONS
2DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE764established
Middle English realme continues an altered Old French reiame form.
Government or kingdom remains the central domain sense.
CHRONOLOGYAnalogical influence from royal is represented on a separate canonical edge.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE765established
Old French reiame continues Latin regimen through Romance transmission.
Control or government becomes a governed territory or kingdom.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE766established
Latin regimen is formed from regere, to lead straight, direct, or rule.
Control and government are nominalized from directing or ruling.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
03
READ THE EDGE, NOT JUST THE WORD
TWO HISTORIES TRAVEL TOGETHER.
Pronunciation, spelling, morphology, loss, insertion, adaptation, and regular historical development.
Narrowing, broadening, metaphor, social reanalysis, technical specialization, and meaning retained.
Attested forms, reconstructed forms marked by *, and explicit knowledge boundaries never share one certainty label.
Scholar, confidence, chronology, source stance, locator, and evidence note remain attached to the atomic edge.