Canonical edges, each carrying form and meaning history.
THE CHANGE ATLAS
WORD FAMILIES ↗EVERY REVIEWED EDGE / TWO HISTORIES EACH
FORM → MEANING → EVIDENCEHOW WORDS MOVE.
HOW MEANINGS MUTATE.
A global atlas of every reviewed transformation in the graph—from lost vowels and borrowed spellings to meanings narrowed, inverted, elevated, and remade.
EVERY TRANSFORMATION
IS A CLAIM.
Every edge names the linked forms, relationship, sound history, semantic history, scholar, confidence, chronology when known, and the sources that warrant it. Search the language of change without flattening it.
No reviewed edge is allowed to omit what changed in form.
No reviewed edge is allowed to omit what changed in meaning.
515 distinct sources support the edge ledger.
Named analyses remain attached instead of becoming anonymous fact.
Borrowing, inheritance, derivation, uncertainty, and more stay distinct.
011025 MATCHING EDGES
SEARCH THE TRANSFORMATIONS
FOLLOW CHANGE ITSELF.
all changeSearch form and meaning togethersound historySearch phonological and formal changemeaning historySearch mutation in sense and use
The atlas searches the exact reviewed prose and authoritative edge labels. It does not manufacture universal “sound laws” or semantic categories by guessing from descriptions.
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SEMANTIC HISTORY
1025 EVIDENCE-BACKED CHANGES
EDGE179boundary
No deeper numeral form is asserted beyond *dekm̥.
The reviewed trail ends at the published Indo-European root.
EDGE184boundary
No deeper numeral form is asserted beyond *dekm̥.
The reviewed trail ends at the published Indo-European root.
EDGE193boundary
Proto-Indo-European*tkeH-rule, have power, possess→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo single deeper ancestor is promoted
No older form is promoted beyond the competing proposed reconstructions.
The reviewed trail ends at a disputed root comparison.
EDGE202boundary
Proto-Indo-European*tkeH-rule, have power, possess→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo single deeper ancestor is promoted
No older form is promoted beyond the competing proposed reconstructions.
The reviewed trail ends at a disputed root comparison.
EDGE210boundary
Old Persianmān-remain, wait→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo deeper form asserted from the reviewed sources
No older form is asserted beyond the reviewed Old Persian evidence.
The trail ends instead of importing an uncited reconstruction.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE215boundary
Proto-Indo-European*tkeH-rule, have power, possess→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo single deeper ancestor is promoted
No older form is promoted beyond the competing proposed reconstructions.
The reviewed trail ends at a disputed root comparison.
EDGE221boundary
Sanskritcaturaṅgafour-limbed army; chess game-name→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo older game-name ancestor asserted
No older lexical form is promoted beyond the first certain caturaṅga game-name evidence.
Legendary invention stories remain cultural history rather than asserted ancestry.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
0LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE223boundary
Proto-Indo-European*h₃ekʷ-catch sight of, envisage→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo older form asserted
No older form is promoted beyond the rival *h₃ekʷ- comparison.
The competing route stops at its published reconstruction.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
0LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE227boundary
Old Chinese (reconstructed)*lˤraname of a plant→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo unique deeper ancestor is promoted by this dossier.
No older form is promoted beyond Baxter and Sagart’s *lˤra in this reviewed path.
The plant-name history reaches the present editorial evidence horizon.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThis is a boundary of the selected evidence, not proof that no deeper proposal has ever been published.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE232boundary
Old Chinese (reconstructed)*lˤraname of a plant→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo unique deeper ancestor is promoted by this dossier.
No older form is promoted beyond Baxter and Sagart’s *lˤra in this reviewed path.
The plant-name history reaches the present editorial evidence horizon.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThis is a boundary of the selected evidence, not proof that no deeper proposal has ever been published.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE238boundary
Proto-Indo-European*dekm̥ten→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo deeper numeral ancestor is promoted here.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed Indo-European numeral.
The numeral history reaches the present evidence horizon.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThis is an evidence boundary, not a metaphysical claim that no deeper history existed.
EDGE245boundary
Proto-Indo-European*dekm̥ten→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo deeper numeral ancestor is promoted here.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed Indo-European numeral.
The tenth-word history reaches the present evidence horizon.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe stop records the current evidence limit.
EDGE253boundary
Proto-Indo-European*ghos-ti-stranger, guest, host; person with reciprocal duties of hospitality→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo single deeper ancestor is treated as secure.
No single deeper ancestor of *ghos-ti- is selected for this dossier.
The hospitality lineage reaches an explicit evidence boundary.
CONFIDENCE NOTEA proposed *ǵhes- analysis remains a competing branch elsewhere in the graph.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE259boundary
Proto-Indo-European*ghos-ti-stranger, guest, host; person with reciprocal duties of hospitality→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo single deeper ancestor is treated as secure.
No single deeper ancestor of *ghos-ti- is selected for this dossier.
The hospice lineage reaches an explicit evidence boundary.
CONFIDENCE NOTECompeting deeper proposals remain separate rather than silently merged.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE265boundary
Proto-Indo-European*leǵ-to collect, gather; with descendants involving speaking→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo deeper ancestor is presented as secure.
No deeper ancestor is promoted beyond *leǵ-.
The reading-and-instruction path reaches its reviewed horizon.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe boundary preserves uncertainty rather than naming a speculative predecessor.
EDGE270boundary
Proto-Indo-European*leǵ-to collect, gather; with descendants involving speaking→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo deeper ancestor is presented as secure.
No deeper ancestor is promoted beyond *leǵ-.
The gathering-and-selection path reaches its reviewed horizon.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe boundary prevents a decorative but uncited deeper root.
EDGE272boundary
Proto-Indo-European*ghos-ti-stranger, guest, host; person with reciprocal duties of hospitality→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo single deeper ancestor is treated as secure.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *ghos-ti- reconstruction.
The outsider history reaches the present evidence horizon.
CONFIDENCE NOTEA proposed deeper *ǵhes- analysis remains separately labeled proposed.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE275boundary
Proto-Indo-European*mūs-mouse; also the family behind specialized muscle words→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo deeper ancestor is promoted as secure.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed Indo-European *mūs- reconstruction.
The mouse-and-muscle history reaches the present evidence horizon.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThis is an evidence boundary, not a claim that no deeper proposal exists.
EDGE281boundary
Proto-Indo-European*skei-cut, split; proposed source of a discern > know development→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reviewed ancestor beyond the disputed comparison.
No older form is promoted beyond the disputed *skei- comparison.
The negative-knowing history reaches the present evidence horizon.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe boundary preserves the difference between a proposed reconstruction and a securely attested ancestor.
EDGE286boundary
Proto-Indo-European*lewbʰ-to love, desire, care for→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reviewed ancestor beyond the reconstructed desire-and-care root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *lewbʰ- reconstruction.
The German love-noun history reaches the current secure evidence horizon.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThis is an explicit knowledge boundary, not a claim that no deeper proposal has ever been made.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE290boundary
Proto-Indo-European*lewbʰ-to love, desire, care for→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reviewed ancestor beyond the reconstructed desire-and-care root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *lewbʰ- reconstruction.
The Dutch adjective history reaches the current secure evidence horizon.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe boundary preserves the difference between reviewed reconstruction and unknown deeper prehistory.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE293boundary
Proto-Indo-European*lewbʰ-to love, desire, care for→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reviewed ancestor beyond the reconstructed desire-and-care root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *lewbʰ- reconstruction.
The Gothic adjective history reaches the current secure evidence horizon.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe boundary keeps the attested Gothic lexeme separate from unknown deeper prehistory.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE298boundary
Proto-Indo-European*lewbʰ-to love, desire, care for→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo securely reviewed ancestor beyond the reconstructed desire-and-care root.
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *lewbʰ- reconstruction.
The German adjective history reaches the current secure evidence horizon.
CONFIDENCE NOTEThe boundary preserves the distinction between reviewed reconstruction and unknown deeper prehistory.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
EDGE300boundary
Japanese絵文字picture character; pictograph→Beyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWNNo single linear lexical parent is promoted for the Japanese compound.
No single predecessor form is asserted because 絵文字 is synchronically analyzable as a two-component Japanese compound.
The whole-word lineage stops while the canonical graph branches into “picture” and “written character.”
CONFIDENCE NOTEThis is a topology boundary, not a claim that the Japanese components have no histories of their own.
1CLAIM CITATIONS
1DISTINCT SOURCES
1LINKED DOSSIERS
03
READ THE EDGE, NOT JUST THE WORD
TWO HISTORIES TRAVEL TOGETHER.
Pronunciation, spelling, morphology, loss, insertion, adaptation, and regular historical development.
Narrowing, broadening, metaphor, social reanalysis, technical specialization, and meaning retained.
Attested forms, reconstructed forms marked by *, and explicit knowledge boundaries never share one certainty label.
Scholar, confidence, chronology, source stance, locator, and evidence note remain attached to the atomic edge.