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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “ego”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
egoEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂ Proto-Italic *egō Archaic Latin eco Latin egobor. English ego Borrowed from Latin ego (“I”). Chosen by Freud’s translator as a translation of his use of German Ich as a noun for this concept from the pronoun ich (“I”). Doublet of I and Ich.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Lewis’s Elementary Latin Dictionary
1890 American Book Company edition; pinned Perseus XML digitization0110
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
noun combining formhistorical form
-logy
A bound English word element used in formations involving discourse or expression and in names of doctrines, theories, sciences, and fields of study.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
December
The twelfth month in the modern calendar; its inherited Latin name literally identifies it as the tenth month.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
bridegroom
A man about to be or recently married; remodeled from bridegome after the older man-word gome became opaque.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbhistorical form
dialogue
Conversation, represented speech, or an exchange of ideas; inherited through medieval French and Latin from a Greek speaking-family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English verbdossier summary
fēogan
An Old English verb meaning hate or persecute, recorded as FEÓGAN, feógean, fiógan, contracted feón and fión, with participle feógende and a broad present-and-past paradigm. Bosworth–Toller supplies examples whose objects include crimes, evil ways, law, peace, a temple, friends, and people. The verb continues reconstructed Proto-Germanic *fi(j)ēn-. Its active-participial formation lexicalized prehistorically as the enemy noun behind Old English fēond and modern fiend, but the verb, participle, and noun are not one interchangeable category.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English weak verbcontrarian claim
hatian
An attested Old English verb for hating whose objects include persons, enemies, vices, and deeds. It continues a reconstructed Germanic weak verb commonly represented as *hatōjan-, but published reconstructions vary, its relationship to the noun base is derivational rather than direct word-to-word descent, and the proposed deeper Indo-European route remains semantically opaque.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon class-II weak verbdossier summary
hatōn
The normalized Old Saxon weak-verb lemma hatōn is supported by a four-locus dictionary inventory: Heliand 1451 writes infinitive hatan in manuscript M and haton in manuscript C; Heliand 4915 writes genitive-plural present-participial hatandiero in M and hettendero in C; manuscript C supplies preterite hatoda at Heliand 5423; and GlG supplies infinitive haton aligned with Latin odisse. Those are six witness readings at four cited loci, not six independent lexemes or four manuscripts. The first Munich infinitive and the Munich hatandiero locus were directly inspected. The category problem is deeper than spelling: Köbler also indexes the Heliand 4915 forms under the separate agent noun hėttiand, enemy. The record therefore exposes the exact point where a live participial form and a lexicalized enemy noun overlap. It does not prove that pursue was the root meaning, that every enemy hates, or that every indexed form belongs unambiguously to one synchronic category.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · adjectivehistorical form
kin
The inherited English family word continuing Middle English kin and Old English cynn, from the Germanic lineage formation *kunja- and ultimately the birth-and-generation root *ǵenh₁-.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
logic
The discipline and practice of valid reasoning, inherited through French and Latin from a Greek family of word, account, speech, and reason.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
prologue
An introductory speech, section, or event; inherited through medieval French and Latin from Greek prologos.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗025
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Present-Day English / Indo-European
December
the twelfth month of the Gregorian calendar
- DATE
- before the 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
bridegome
bridegroom
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- transliteration
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
kin / kyn / kun
race, people, tribe, family, relatives, ancestry, kind, or category
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
kind of / kinda
a category expression reanalyzed as an approximator, hedge, downtoner, or pragmatic marker
- DATE
- Modern English construction
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
λέγω
légōgather; count; recount; say
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 4
0316
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableposition text
Is fijands an ordinary participle or a lexical noun meaning enemy?
Both categories exist historically and synchronically. Ayora Estevan derives the noun from a Proto-Germanic lexicalized present participle, then shows Gothic still using fi(j)ands as the productive participle one who hates. Token-level syntax and inflection sometimes distinguish them; many surface forms do not.
openprobableposition text
Is fijands just an ordinary Gothic present participle?
No single category covers the evidence. Ayora Estevan derives the enemy noun from a Proto-Germanic lexicalized participle while also showing that Gothic retained productive present-participial uses of the same formation.
openprobableposition text
Does freondum at Beowulf 1018 identify every person as a modern intimate friend?
No. The local text says Heorot was filled with freondum, but the manuscript alone does not recover each referent’s exact social relationship or a modern intimacy category.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is Hass categorically incapable of a plural?
No across history. DWDS marks current Hass as singular-only, while DWB calls historical plurals rare and quotes theological hasse and poetic die hasse.
resolvedprobableposition text
Is feógende automatically the noun fēond?
No. Feógende is the productive Old English participle listed in the verb paradigm. Fēond is a lexicalized nd-agent noun inherited from the prehistoric formation.
resolvedprobableposition text
Was fēond still just an ordinary Old English present participle?
No. OED classifies it as a strong masculine agent noun originally in the nd-class, and cross-Germanic evidence places lexicalization before Old English. Its participial origin remains historically visible without erasing noun status.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was fīant still a productive participle?
Not on the cited evidence. AWB calls it a noun, but says its old participial character can shine through in fixed formulas. Residual transparency is not productive category identity.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was pursue the securely recovered basic meaning of the root?
No. A daughter-language gloss range cannot establish one Proto-Germanic or Proto-Indo-European basic meaning, and the broader reviewed comparison explicitly remains semantically opaque.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did hete name only an inward feeling?
No. Historical dictionaries include enmity, malignity, malice, spite, hostility, and persecution, and they document compounds for hostile speech, hostile blows, hostile designs, and other enacted or categorized hostility.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did kin always mean only blood relatives?
No. Old and Middle English records include kind, race, people, tribe, nation, lineage, generation, progeny, gender, species, category, and family. The modern relatives sense is a semantic narrowing, not the whole ancestral meaning.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does kind of always mean a literal category or type?
No. Alongside the compositional category construction, kind of has been reanalyzed as an approximator, hedge, downtoner, and pragmatic marker; reduced kinda represents that later constructional history.
resolvedestablishedposition text
One word for one feeling?
Proto-Indo-European did not preserve a single lexeme matching the entire modern English category LOVE.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 4
RANK 39GRADE Aranked reveal
Old Norse fjándi was an enemy before it was the Devil.
Cleasby and Vigfússon identify the inherited -nd- shape as participial and gloss the older formation as properly a hater. Their first sense is the ordinary enemy; only after the introduction of Christianity does the historical account assign fjándi the fiend branch. ONP then reveals how far the word traveled: 222 citations across enemy, demon, evil spirit, pagan god, Satan, and derogatory uses for hated or bewitched beings and things. The truth is not that every enemy secretly hates. It is that a lexicalized agent noun became an ordinary social category, then accumulated new religious and expressive work.
RANK 65GRADE Acontrarian claim
A borrowed word can encode a category that English flattens.
Navajo hooghan means home or house within Diné life; English hogan should not be generalized into a label for any Indigenous dwelling.
RANK 126GRADE Aranked reveal
The groom in bridegroom is a replacement.
Old English brȳdguma contained guma, man; familiar groom replaced opaque gome by folk etymology.
RANK 206GRADE Aranked reveal
A legend was “something to be read.”
The dubious-story sense came later than the Medieval Latin reading category.
045
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
lexical database7 CLAIM LINKS
Logeion: legō / legere
Classics Department Editors
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical database5 CLAIM LINKS
Logeion: intellegō
Classics Department Editors
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized scholarly edition3 CLAIM LINKS
King Alfred’s West-Saxon Version of Gregory’s Pastoral Care, page 353
Henry Sweet, editor and translator / 1871
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical database3 CLAIM LINKS
Logeion: λέγω
Classics Department Editors
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary1 CLAIM LINKS
Rí — Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, and Dagmar Wodtko / 2019
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗051
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.