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algorithm

A finite or stepwise procedure, descended through medieval arithmetic vocabulary from the Latinized name of al-Khwārizmī.

calculator

A person or device that calculates, inherited from a medieval human-reckoner word and the Latin counting-pebble family.

adjectivehistorical form

candid

Open or frank in modern English, inherited through French and Latin from a family of brightness and whiteness.

nounhistorical form

candidate

A person seeking selection or office; ultimately the Roman office-seeker dressed in a bright white toga.

nounhistorical form

candor

Frankness or honest expression, historically a word for brightness, radiance, whiteness, and unstained purity.

noundossier summary

chai

In current English, a South Asian-style tea commonly prepared with milk and spices; the word belongs to the overland cha/chay transmission family ultimately derived from Chinese 茶.

chá

The Portuguese word for tea, a European cha-type form associated with sixteenth-century Portuguese contact through Macao rather than the Dutch te-type route.

Old High German strong masculine nouncontrarian claim

Old High German fīant—written fîant and fîjant in the Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch's length-marking convention—was already a strong masculine noun meaning enemy, opponent, or adversary. The dictionary documents personal, public and military, spiritual, and specifically Devil senses across a large variant and inflectional record. Its most revealing evidence is grammatical: in fixed formulas, usually without an article, the old participial character could still shine through. Fîant uuesan could mean to be hostile, hate someone, or wish someone ill; fîant mahhôn meant make hostile, and zi fîante tuon could mean regard as an enemy or hate. The companion fîên article independently preserves the live weak verb to hate in eighth- and ninth-century Alemannic manuscripts. The noun therefore shows a lexical fossil whose older verbal force remained locally legible without ceasing to be a noun. The displayed pronunciation is an editorial normalized approximation, not a recorded historical audio object. All displayed Old High German passages are inspected dictionary or text-edition records, not directly inspected manuscript objects.

Old High German weak verbdossier summary

fīēn

Old High German fīēn—printed fîên in the Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch—was a weak verb meaning to hate, not love, be hostile to, detest, or reject. The official dictionary says it is attested only in Alemannic manuscripts of the eighth and ninth centuries, then inventories an infinitive fien, present participle fiendi, second-person singular preterite fietos, and accusative plural masculine past participle fieta. Three rule-text records concern hating discipline, one’s own will, or no person; gloss records align the participial forms with Latin exosus or exosos; and an Esther gloss aligns fien with detestari. These are source-reported edition and dictionary records, not directly inspected manuscript objects, and the broad manuscript horizon does not identify one exact first token. A separate twelfth-century article printed fien [sic] with the gloss ubere is explicitly left uninterpreted by the dictionary and is not merged into this hate verb. Beside the verb, Old High German had the already lexicalized enemy noun fīant, whose old participial character could still shine through in fixed phrases. The graph therefore shows a living daughter verb beside a grammatical fossil without pretending that either attested form is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic word itself. No historical sound recording exists and the dossier does not display a fabricated phonetic certainty.

robot

A programmable or autonomous machine, named in English through Karel Čapek's R.U.R. from Czech robota, compulsory labor.

tea

The English name of the beverage, carried through the Dutch maritime network from a Southern Min form of the Chinese word 茶.

çay

The Turkish word for tea, ultimately Chinese but analyzed in Turkish scholarship as reaching historical Turkey Turkish through Persian as a bridge language.

Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European

ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY

HISTORICAL FORMS

*(s)kend-

to shine or make shine

DATE: Proto-Indo-European prehistory
MATCH: gloss
DOSSIERS: 2

Middle Chinese (reconstructed reading) / Sino-Tibetan

*drae

tea; name of a plant

DATE: Middle Chinese reconstruction
MATCH: language
DOSSIERS: 5

Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European

*kand-

to shine; glow

DATE: Indo-European prehistory
MATCH: gloss
DOSSIERS: 1

Old Chinese (reconstructed) / Sino-Tibetan

*lˤra

name of a plant

DATE: Old Chinese reconstruction
MATCH: language
DOSSIERS: 7

Present-Day English / Indo-European

calculator

one who calculates; later especially a calculating machine or electronic device

DATE: 14th century–today
MATCH: gloss
DOSSIERS: 1

Latin / Indo-European

candēre

to shine; glow; be white

DATE: Latin antiquity
MATCH: gloss
DOSSIERS: 3

Present-Day English / Indo-European

robot

an artificial worker; later an automatic or programmable machine

DATE: 1922–today
MATCH: gloss
DOSSIERS: 1

Xiamen Min Chinese / Sino-Tibetan

茶

tê / dé

tea

DATE: Southern Min, attested in modern descriptions
MATCH: language
DOSSIERS: 1