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THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCALNo exact match for “Ful” in this partial English subset. That does not mean the full research corpus—or linguistic scholarship—has no record. Check the original dictionary entry ↗
INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024- FulMiddle English · word_ful_adj_1
Ful, adj. foul, S; fule, adv., S. Comb.; ful-itohen, S. See Foul.
Read the full source record → - FulMiddle English · word_ful_vb
Ful, pt. s., fell, S, PP. See Fallen.
Read the full source record → - FulMiddle English · word_ful_adj_2
Ful, adj. full, S. Comb.: ful iwis, full assuredly, S; fol iwis, S; ful out, completely, W2; to ful, completely, S2. See Full.
Read the full source record → - FulMiddle English · word_ful
Ful, sb. a goblet full of drink, a toast at a heathen feast; uul, S.—AS. ful; cp. Icel. full; see Grimm, Teut. M., p. 60.
Read the full source record →
Ful
No extractable etymology was found for this exact spelling. Open the original dictionary entry ↗
Read the complete entry and references ↗ · Contribute a cited dossier
0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
verbhistorical form
betroth
To promise in marriage; a Middle English prefixed formation built on the same historical noun that yielded truth and troth.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbcontrarian claim
etymologize
To discover, formulate, state, or study etymologies; an English verb formed from etymology with -ize.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic neuter noundossier summary
hatis
A Gothic noun conventionally glossed hate, hatred, anger, or wrath. Project Wulfila reports fifteen corpus tokens in three surface forms: hatis, hatiza, and hatize. Its fourteen biblical tokens translate Greek wrath vocabulary rather than supplying a clean mirror of modern personal dislike: Streitberg maps the family chiefly to orgē, assigns Galatians 5:20 to thumos, and leaves Ephesians 4:31 unresolved because both Greek nouns stand together. The visible Gothic paradigm is also historical evidence: Project Wulfila treats hatis as a neuter a-stem, while Fulk analyzes it as an inherited i-stem transferred to the a-stems.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon masculine i-stem noundossier summary
heti
Old Saxon heti is an attested noun, not a reconstructed Proto-Germanic form. Köbler prints the normalized citation form hėti* with a trailing asterisk, then gives three cited lexical loci whose inflections produce five witness readings: accusative singular heti at Heliand 1322 in manuscripts M, C, and V; dative singular heti at Genesis 60; and genitive singular hetias in the tenth-century Saxon Confession. No nominative singular appears in that inventory, but the exact surface heti is visibly written in Munich Cgm 25. The directly inspected Heliand line places the noun in the Beatitudes, where righteous people endure rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi, powerful men's hostility or persecution and hostile speech. The Saxon Confession instead places hetias beside malice, envy, and slander among confessed wrongs. Those contexts establish a range broader than one private feeling without proving that persecution was the prehistoric root meaning. Fulk and Köbler analyze the Old Saxon comparison as an i-stem; Pfeifer describes the wider Germanic noun as an old es/os-stem, so the inherited morphological account remains public rather than falsely harmonized.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English weak-verb lemmadossier summary
hettan
An Old English weak-verb lemma supported by a strikingly narrow surface record. A full-corpus lemmatisation inventory lists only hettende under hettan; Bosworth–Toller redirects the bare headword to hettend, “enemy,” while Orel compares the verb with Gothic hatjan and Middle High German hetzen. Clark Hall instead assigns hettende to hatian. The dossier therefore separates the comparative verb, the recorded enemy word, and the unresolved lemma assignment.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
rich
Having wealth, abundance, value, or intensity; continuing a medieval convergence of English and French forms from a Germanic power word.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
sincere
Genuine, honest, and free from pretense; borrowed from a Latin adjective of uncertain origin.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · adjective · verbhistorical form
taboo
An English borrowing recorded in 1777 from Tongan tabu, now tapu, within an Oceanic family whose reconstructed form joins ritual restriction with sacredness.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
troth
Pledged fidelity, good faith, or betrothal; a surviving historical twin of truth rather than a later poetic fabrication.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
true
In accord with fact, reality, or a standard; historically an inherited word whose older center is firmness, faithfulness, and steadfastness.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
trust
Assured reliance, confidence, or responsibility; probably entering Middle English from Scandinavian material meaning confidence and firmness.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
truth
Conformity with fact or reality; inherited through Old English trēowþ, whose recorded semantic field includes fidelity, loyalty, and constancy.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗029
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*rīkja-
powerful, rich, kingly
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic horizon
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*treuwaz
firm, faithful, trustworthy
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic horizon
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 5
Middle English / Indo-European
riche
wealthy, powerful, rich
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old English / Indo-European
rīce
strong, powerful
- DATE
- Old English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Tongan / Austronesian
tabu / tapu
forbidden, prohibited, unlawful; historically also sacred or consecrated
- DATE
- Tongan
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
trewe
faithful, steadfast, true
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
true
in accord with fact; faithful; accurate
- DATE
- before 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old English / Indo-European
trēowe
faithful, firm, trustworthy
- DATE
- Old English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
word
a meaningful spoken or written unit; an utterance or expression
- DATE
- before 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0323
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedposition text
Are the opposite readings one polysemous word, merged historical homonyms, or a lexicographic convenience?
eDIL groups them in one headword but does not, by that editorial act alone, settle the full historical relationship among every love and hate occurrence.
openboundaryposition text
Can icon be securely reconstructed beyond Greek eikōn?
Not from the reviewed evidence. Merriam-Webster calls the proposed deeper base uncertain and a Lithuanian comparison doubtful; Etymonline likewise stops at uncertain Greek prehistory.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact Proto-Germanic pronunciation and full paradigm be recovered?
Not completely. Comparative evidence supports the nd-participial morphology, but no written paradigm or recording survives.
openprobableposition text
Is fēogan a strong verb or a weak contracted verb?
Bosworth–Toller labels the full FEÓGAN entry strong, but labels linked contracted feón weak and contracted. The displayed past forms in -de also require grammatical explanation. The dossier preserves the source-level tension rather than silently harmonizing it.
openproposedposition text
Did hate originally mean pursuit or persecution?
The Germanic action evidence makes pursuit or persecution a serious proposal, not a settled origin. Beowulf, hettan, German hetzen, and Hati support the comparison, but the full deep family remains murky.
openprobableposition text
Is there one uncontested inherited stem-class analysis for the wider noun?
No. Fulk compares Old Saxon heti and Old English hete as i-stems and says Gothic hatis transferred to the a-stems; Pfeifer calls the wider noun an old es/os-stem.
openestablishedposition text
Can one exact Old Saxon pronunciation of heti be recovered?
No. The reviewed sources supply spellings, editorial vowel notation, grammar, and comparison, but no recorded voice or fully dated phonetic sequence.
openproposedposition text
Is *hwōtja- securely derived from *hwōtō in that direction?
Not from the located evidence. Köbler says compare the noun *hwōtō “threat,” which establishes a proposed relationship but not a fully demonstrated direction of formation.
openboundaryposition text
Can Greek eikōn be securely reconstructed further?
Not from the reviewed evidence. Merriam-Webster calls the proposed base uncertain and the Lithuanian comparison doubtful; Etymonline likewise marks the Greek prehistory uncertain.
openproposedposition text
Did the Devil preserve vijand’s full ending?
Possibly, not certainly. Van Veen, De Vries, Van Haeringen, and EWN repeat variants of the proposal that medieval Devil usage made vijand a church or consecrated term whose full ending resisted the reduction seen in vriend. Their wording is maybe or probably.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact Proto-Germanic pronunciation and paradigm be recovered?
Not completely. The participial reconstruction is well supported, but no recorded Proto-Germanic token or full paradigm survives.
openproposedposition text
Is κῆδος derived from κήδω, or is the verb derived from the noun?
LSJ parenthetically links κῆδος with κήδω, whose active and middle-passive senses span distress and care, but the located entry does not fully argue one diachronic direction.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 11
RANK 2GRADE Aranked reveal
Truth began with firmness and fidelity.
Before truth centered factual correspondence, its family named what was firm, faithful, and steadfast.
RANK 49GRADE Aranked reveal
The token is attested even though the dictionary headword wears an asterisk.
Köbler heads the Old Saxon noun hėti* but lists written accusative and dative heti plus genitive hetias beneath it. The exact Munich Heliand token is directly visible in the clause rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi. The dictionary count three also hides a second distinction: it means three lexical loci, while Heliand 1322 survives with M, C, and V readings, producing five reported witness readings across the dossier. The star therefore belongs to an editorial headword layer; it does not erase the attested surface or turn Old Saxon into Proto-Germanic. The visible Heliand context is endured hostility or persecution, while the Saxon Confession groups hetias with malice, envy, and slander. Even the inherited grammar stays open: Fulk and Köbler use an i-stem analysis, whereas Pfeifer calls the wider noun an old es/os-stem.
RANK 88GRADE Aranked reveal
Mussel and muscle were once spelling twins.
Middle English could spell the shellfish muscle. The shellfish and anatomical words ultimately belong to Latin’s mouse-derived musculus family, though the naming resemblance itself is not fully recoverable.
RANK 96GRADE Aranked reveal
Word and verb are cousins, not a borrowing pair.
English word descends through Germanic *wurdam and zero-grade *wr-dho-. English verb arrives through French from Latin verbum and the full-grade *wer-dho- branch. They meet only at reconstructed *werh1- “speak.”
RANK 100GRADE Aranked reveal
True was steadfast before it was merely factual.
Old English trēowe meant faithful; its Germanic *treuwaz branch reaches reconstructed *deru- “firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree.” Factual accuracy is real, but not the whole history.
RANK 108GRADE Acontrarian claim
Rich was powerful—and its ancestor crossed from Celtic into Germanic.
Old English rīce meant strong or powerful. Germanic *rīkja- was borrowed from Celtic *rīg-yo-, in the same king branch that produced royal and rājā.
RANK 138GRADE Branked reveal
The Devil may have preserved the second syllable of Dutch vijand.
The solid layer is already strange: vijand is a fossilized present participle, literally one who hates. The speculative layer is stranger. EWN, Van Veen, De Vries, and Van Haeringen propose that medieval use for the Devil made vijand a church or consecrated term whose full ending resisted the reduction seen in vriend. VMNW proves the Devil sense was real with repeated thirteenth-century records. It does not prove the phonological cause. The correct reveal is may have preserved, not did preserve.
RANK 142GRADE Aranked reveal
Conscious began as knowing—including knowing with another.
Latin cōnscius could describe awareness or knowledge shared with another person. English later centered the word on private awareness, wakefulness, and deliberate action.
RANK 169GRADE Aranked reveal
Romance is not the whole prehistory of love.
The reconstructed love family spans a wider comparative field of desire, care, pleasure, and longing. Modern romantic love is one powerful branch, not a one-word prehistoric definition.
RANK 187GRADE Aranked reveal
It never meant “without wax.”
Latin sincerus is real; sine cera is beautiful nonsense.
RANK 204GRADE A−ranked reveal
The honest root of icon ends in uncertainty.
Icon securely reaches Greek eikōn “image, likeness.” A proposed deeper comparison is doubtful, so the most revealing answer is the boundary itself.
042
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
053
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints ALGEBRA as a headword and identifies it as an analytic art concerned with equations.
algebra / algebra / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Sweet’s edited Pastoral Care distinction
hatian / hatian / Old English Pastoral Care record
King Alfred’s West-Saxon Version of Gregory’s Pastoral Care, page 353witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Gospel translation, friend of publicans and sinners
frēond / frēond / Old English, source-reported
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — freóndwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.