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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCALNo exact match for “Dre” in this partial English subset. That does not mean the full research corpus—or linguistic scholarship—has no record. Check the original dictionary entry ↗
INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024Dre
The dictionary could not be reached right now. Open the original dictionary entry ↗
Read the complete entry and references ↗ · Contribute a cited dossier
0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nounhistorical-form prefix
tree
A perennial woody plant; inherited through Old English trēow and Germanic *trewam from the firmness-and-wood branch of *deru-.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical-form prefix
truce
A temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement; inherited through a Middle English plural of a word for agreement or pledge.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine noundossier summary
Freund
German Freund continues Middle High German vriunt and Old High German friunt. DWDS/Pfeifer, Duden, and Grimm independently analyze the inherited Germanic formation as a substantivized present participle of the verb represented by Gothic frijōn and Old English frēogan: historically a loving or favorably disposed one. The record is semantically wider than a modern close companion: the historical dictionaries also document neighbor, relative, lover, ally, supporter, patron, address, and euphemistic uses. The graph joins the High German line to the same reviewed *frijōnd- and *frī- nodes as English friend, keeps *prī- proposed, and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbhistorical form
betroth
To promise in marriage; a Middle English prefixed formation built on the same historical noun that yielded truth and troth.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
candidate
A person seeking selection or office; ultimately the Roman office-seeker dressed in a bright white toga.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb and adjectivehistorical form
direct
To guide, aim, command, or proceed without deviation or intermediary; continuing Latin dīrēctus and dīrigere through distinct medieval channels.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbhistorical form
feign
To invent, fabricate, make a likeness, or pretend; borrowed through Anglo-French from Latin fingere, to shape or fashion.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗English common noun and historical adjectivedossier summary
friend
English friend continues Middle English frẹ̄nd and Old English frēond, an inherited Germanic nd-stem agent noun. OED identifies cognates across West, East, and North Germanic and analyzes them as noun uses of a present participle of the Germanic base behind free; Bosworth–Toller explicitly calls Old English freónd the participle of freón, a verb meaning free or love; American Heritage independently explains the formation as originally one who loves. The historical noun later covers intimate companion, ally, supporter, relation, lover, form of address, Quaker, climbing device, and social-network contact. The graph displays a normalized *frijōnd- participial formation, Germanic *frī-, the proposed Indo-European comparison *prī-, and then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Frisian weak verbdossier summary
hatia
Old Frisian hatia is a weak verb whose lexicographic field extends beyond an inward feeling. Hofmann and Popkema give hate or reject, damage, and a feud-language expression for harming or pursuing someone as an enemy. A May 2026 Corpus Oudfries search for word or lemma hatia returns six records in 235,462 tokens, but those are not six instances of this verb. Buma's critical note on Brokmer B 101 explicitly identifies its written hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h, and Nijdam translates the passage as a poor mother being unable to feed her children. That token is excluded from the hate lineage. The five relevant corpus records occur in legal, road, family, and theological contexts: forms hatijen, hatie, hata, and hatien can concern harming or hindering on a road, a writing or event going against someone, or God hating perjury, lying speech, and false witnesses. The current corpus count is a bounded research surface, not a frequency estimate for medieval speech or a claim about every surviving witness. The underlying manuscripts were not directly inspected for this dossier, no earliest-use claim is made, and no exact historical pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · adjectivehistorical form
kin
The inherited English family word continuing Middle English kin and Old English cynn, from the Germanic lineage formation *kunja- and ultimately the birth-and-generation root *ǵenh₁-.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · adjectivecontrarian claim
kindred
An inherited English kinship word built from Old English cynn “kin” plus -ræden “condition or state,” with an intrusive d and a fossilized second element whose wider word-forming pattern disappeared.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
troth
Pledged fidelity, good faith, or betrothal; a surviving historical twin of truth rather than a later poetic fabrication.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*drew-o-
firm or steadfast formation; wood or pledge branch
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed variant
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*deru-
*deru- / *dreu-be firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European horizon
- MATCH
- transliteration
- DOSSIERS
- 7
German / Indo-European
Freund
friend, trusted companion, romantic partner, supporter, patron, ally, or familiar form of address
- DATE
- New High German and current German
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old English / Indo-European
cynn
kindred, kind, race, nation, people, tribe, family, lineage, generation, or progeny
- DATE
- Old English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Middle English / Indo-European
directen
guide, address, point, direct
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Anglo-French / Indo-European
feign-
stem used in feindre
- DATE
- Anglo-French bound stem
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Anglo-French / Indo-European
feindre
fashion; make a likeness; pretend
- DATE
- Anglo-French
- MATCH
- transliteration
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
friend
a trusted or close companion; an ally, supporter, relation, form of address, or specialized modern contact
- DATE
- English; spelling attested from Middle English and standard today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
frẹ̄nd
friend, comrade, intimate, ally, patron, relation, possible paramour, or form of address
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
kin
a group of common ancestry; relatives; kindred
- DATE
- before the 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
kindred
relatives or a family group; of the same ancestry; related in origin, nature, or character
- DATE
- before the 12th century–today
- MATCH
- transliteration
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
kinrede / kindrede
family, lineage, blood relations, kinship, nation, or related people
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- transliteration
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0317
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 11
openproposedposition text
Is the exact history of -ræden reducible to either ready or read?
The condition element is secure, and American Heritage assigns it through Germanic *rēdan to PIE *rē-dh-. But Merriam-Webster notes that Old English evidence can reflect a probable relationship to geræde “ready,” older analysis through rædan “advise,” and partial merger with ræding; Germanic *raidja- and *rēd- outcomes can be difficult to separate.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did Freund always mean only a close non-relative companion?
No. Pfeifer and Grimm document neighbor, lover, blood relative, ally, supporter, patron, and address uses.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did friend always mean only an intimate non-relative companion?
No. OED and MED document ally, supporter, patron, relation, lover, address, and other uses beside close companion.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do Frigg, Friday, Frederick, and Siegfried descend from the noun friend?
No. American Heritage places them in related Germanic formations under the wider *frī- family; they are collateral relatives, not descendants of English friend.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are all six search hits instances of the hate or harm verb?
No. Buma identifies the Brokmer B 101 hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h, and Nijdam's translation concerns a mother unable to feed her children.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the Brokmer B 101 passage mean a mother cannot hate her children?
No. In context it says that if the mother is so poor that she cannot otherwise feed or rear her children, she may take something from the wergeld.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does kindred descend from kind?
No. The first component is kin, continuing Old English cynn. Kind follows a separate Germanic *kund- and Indo-European *gn̥ə-t- formation; the words meet only at the deeper birth root.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is the d in kindred inherited from the oldest compound?
No. Traugott explicitly identifies an intrusive d between n and r. The late Old English compound is cynræden / cynrēde and Middle English records include both kinrede and kindrede.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is the surviving -red element the color red?
No. It is the reduced relic of Old English -ræden, a condition or state-forming element. The wider pattern once made social and abstract nouns and survives principally in kindred and hatred.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did kindred begin as an adjective meaning similar in nature?
No. The inherited noun names kinship, family, lineage, and related people. Merriam-Webster analyzes the adjective as attributive use of that noun and reports it later than the noun.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did vriend always mean only a non-relative companion?
No. WNT and MNW document relation, lover, ally, patron, address, mediator, and supporter senses.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 6
RANK 23GRADE Acontrarian claim
The d in kindred is an intruder—and kind is not in the word.
Kindred is kin plus a fossilized native element meaning a condition or state. One branch reaches the birth root; the other reaches a fit-together root. The modern d arrived between n and r after the compound already existed.
RANK 44GRADE Aranked reveal
One corpus hit written hatia is not the hate verb at all.
The May 2026 Corpus Oudfries search returns six records under word or lemma hatia, but spelling alone creates a trap. In Brokmer B 101, Buma explicitly identifies hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h; Nijdam's translation confirms a poor mother unable to feed her children. That token is excluded from the hate lineage. The five relevant records then reveal the genuine verb's own range: harm or hindrance on an army road, legal adversity, and God hating perjury, lying speech, and false witnesses. The contrarian truth is therefore philological twice over: one identical surface belongs elsewhere, while the inherited verb itself extends beyond private feeling.
RANK 102GRADE Aranked reveal
A truce was grammatically plural.
Modern singular truce continues Middle English trewes, the plural of an agreement noun from Old English trēow “fidelity.” A ceasefire is historically a set of pledged terms.
RANK 103GRADE Aranked reveal
Tree and truth meet at firmness, not fantasy.
Tree follows the wood branch through Germanic *trewam; truth follows the fidelity branch through *treuwaz and *treuwithō. They meet at *deru- “firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree.”
RANK 134GRADE Aranked reveal
Feign once included making, not only pretending.
Middle English feynen could mean make, fabricate, or make a likeness as well as dissemble or pretend, continuing the fingere shaping family.
RANK 210GRADE A−contrarian claim
A candidate was “dressed in white.”
Roman office-seekers signaled purity and visibility with a whitened toga.
048
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
scholarly reference20 CLAIM LINKS
Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: A
John Aldrich et al. / 2026
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary12 CLAIM LINKS
Kindred — definition, etymology, and first known use
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digital scholarly edition10 CLAIM LINKS
Archivum Gothicum: Edition of the Gothic Sources, Volume 1
Carla Falluomini · Pierandrea Gottardi / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digital scholarly edition9 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand Cgm 25 transcription after Schmeller 1830 with Sievers 1878 verse numbering
Johann Andreas Schmeller · Eduard Sievers · Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe / 1830
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary7 CLAIM LINKS
Kindred — definition and etymology
American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly book4 CLAIM LINKS
The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and Western Imagination
Andrei A. Znamenski / 2007
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary3 CLAIM LINKS
Kapu — Nā Puke Wehewehe ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi
Lorrin Andrews et al. / 1836
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference0 CLAIM LINKS
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi
J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson / 1999
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0510
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Dream of the Rood, human enemies
fēond / fēond / Old English, source-reported
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — feóndwitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Otfried, friends addressed directly
friunt / Freund / ninth century, source-reported
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — Freundreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for kindred as a noun
kindred / kindred / before the 12th century
Kindred — definition, etymology, and first known usereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Merriam-Webster report of kynrædan
cynræden / cynrēde / kindred / late Old English, unique inflected form
Kindred — definition, etymology, and first known usereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old Dutch Willeram, plural friends addressed
friunt / vriend / circa 1100, source-reported
Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vriendreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Liuis firist, gathering one's friend
frẹ̄nd / friend / circa 1275, source-reported
Middle English Dictionary — frẹ̄nd, n.witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Seventeenth-century figurative tree-enemy use
fiende / fiende / 1651
Svenska Akademiens ordbok — FIENDEwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Andrews Hawaiian dictionary entry
kapu / kapu / 1836 Hawaiian dictionary record
Kapu — Nā Puke Wehewehe ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻireporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Middle English Dictionary suffix record for kinrede
kinrede / kindrede / kindred / Middle English dictionary record
-rē̆de(n suffix — Middle English Dictionaryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Njáls saga, a kinsman addressed directly
frændi / frændi / manuscript dated circa 1300–1325 by ONP
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine nounreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
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Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.