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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL4 source sections across 1 headword matching “Del”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
delEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From delta, the symbol being an inverted delta.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗delEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
delEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
delEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text
Abbreviation of Latin dēlīneāvit (“he/she delineated”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 20240110
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
verbcontrarian claim
betroth
To promise in marriage; a Middle English prefixed formation built on the same historical noun that yielded truth and troth.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
bridegroom
A man about to be or recently married; remodeled from bridegome after the older man-word gome became opaque.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjective · noundossier summary
conscious
Aware, awake, or deliberate; borrowed directly from Latin conscius in the knowing-family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
disaster
A catastrophe whose name preserves an astrological model of misfortune: an unfavorable star.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun and adjectivedossier summary
female
A sex-class term borrowed through French from Latin fēmella, a diminutive of fēmina, with its English spelling later remodeled under male.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbdossier summary
hate
An inherited Germanic hostility word whose English noun and verb histories converge imperfectly: Old English preserves both hete and hatian, Middle English may have remodeled the noun from the verb, and the proposed deeper Indo-European family remains semantically opaque.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic neuter nouncontrarian claim
hatis
A Gothic noun conventionally glossed hate, hatred, anger, or wrath. Project Wulfila reports fifteen corpus tokens in three surface forms: hatis, hatiza, and hatize. Its fourteen biblical tokens translate Greek wrath vocabulary rather than supplying a clean mirror of modern personal dislike: Streitberg maps the family chiefly to orgē, assigns Galatians 5:20 to thumos, and leaves Ephesians 4:31 unresolved because both Greek nouns stand together. The visible Gothic paradigm is also historical evidence: Project Wulfila treats hatis as a neuter a-stem, while Fulk analyzes it as an inherited i-stem transferred to the a-stems.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
troth
Pledged fidelity, good faith, or betrothal; a surviving historical twin of truth rather than a later poetic fabrication.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
truce
A temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement; inherited through a Middle English plural of a word for agreement or pledge.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
truth
Conformity with fact or reality; inherited through Old English trēowþ, whose recorded semantic field includes fidelity, loyalty, and constancy.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗028
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*treuwō
pledge, fidelity
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic horizon
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
conscious
aware, awake, subjectively felt, or deliberate; later also a psychoanalytic noun
- DATE
- circa 1600–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
trewthe
loyalty, fidelity, truth
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
troth
pledged fidelity, good faith, or betrothal
- DATE
- 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
trouth
truth, troth, pledged fidelity
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Present-Day English / Indo-European
truth
conformity to fact or reality; sincerity; fidelity
- DATE
- before 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old English / Indo-European
trēow
pledge, fidelity
- DATE
- Old English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old English / Indo-European
trēowþ
faith, loyalty, fidelity, truth
- DATE
- Old English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 3
0320
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest root *leǵ- or *sleǵ-?
The traditional *leǵ- reconstruction remains widely represented, while published scholarship argues that the gather or collect root began with *s. The graph preserves both analyses.
openproposedposition text
Is Proto-Celtic *katsi- the secure direct parent of cais?
Koch publishes the comparison, but the reviewed materials do not expose a complete dated Goidelic derivation or independent consensus sufficient to mark the edge established.
openproposedposition text
Is *leǵ- the only published deepest root shape?
No. The traditional *leǵ- analysis remains widely represented, while a published *sleǵ- reconstruction challenges the initial consonant and cautions against a simple semantic tale.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact Proto-Germanic pronunciation and path into fīēn be recovered?
Not completely. Optional j, vowel quantity, stem remodeling, and daughter inflection belong to comparative analysis rather than a recorded transition.
openprobableposition text
Does hate securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?
Only probably. The formal correspondence is widely published, but grief, care, mourning, love, and hatred do not form a transparent semantic chain, and some proposed cognates may not belong together.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest root *leǵ- or *sleǵ-?
The traditional *leǵ- reconstruction remains widely represented, while published scholarship argues that the gather/collect root began with *s. The graph preserves both analyses.
openproposedposition text
Is *leǵ- the only published deepest root shape?
No. The traditional *leǵ- analysis remains widely represented, while a published *sleǵ- reconstruction challenges the initial consonant.
openprobableposition text
Which medieval channel delivered regal into English?
The Latin source is secure, but the immediate channel remains plural in the reviewed authorities: American Heritage gives Old French, while Merriam-Webster allows Anglo-French or Latin.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did the 1996 reform create the word Hass?
No. Duden reports a spelling change; the noun continues Old and Middle High German haʒ and centuries of New High German Haß or hasz.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does avocado literally prove that the fruit was named “testicle”?
The source word āhuacatl is documented with both avocado and testicle senses. The reviewed dictionary entries do not establish which sense came first or that one was a deliberate anatomical naming of the other.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was the second element of bridegroom always groom?
No. The inherited form had guma or gome, man; groom replaced the opaque element by folk etymology.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are love and hate merely two modern search results rather than one lexicographic headword?
No. eDIL places both explanations, glossary equations, and citations inside headword 1 cais, also caise.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 8
RANK 2GRADE Acontrarian claim
Truth began with firmness and fidelity.
Before truth centered factual correspondence, its family named what was firm, faithful, and steadfast.
RANK 30GRADE Aranked reveal
Gothic hatis—the noun related to English hate—survives chiefly as wrath, including the wrath to come and the wrath of God.
Project Wulfila reports fifteen tokens in hatis, hatiza, and hatize. Fourteen are biblical; Streitberg maps the family chiefly to Greek orgē, gives Galatians 5:20 thumos, and flags Ephesians 4:31 because both stand together. Codex Argenteus folio 129r directly preserves hatiza in “the wrath to come.” Even the paradigm resists simplification: synchronic neuter a-stem, historically an i-stem remodeled into it.
RANK 101GRADE Aranked reveal
To betroth is to bind by one’s truth or troth.
Middle English bitrouthen visibly combines bi-/be- with trouth, the historical fidelity noun before modern truth and troth were cleanly separated.
RANK 102GRADE Aranked reveal
A truce was grammatically plural.
Modern singular truce continues Middle English trewes, the plural of an agreement noun from Old English trēow “fidelity.” A ceasefire is historically a set of pledged terms.
RANK 103GRADE Aranked reveal
Tree and truth meet at firmness, not fantasy.
Tree follows the wood branch through Germanic *trewam; truth follows the fidelity branch through *treuwaz and *treuwithō. They meet at *deru- “firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree.”
RANK 114GRADE Aranked reveal
Male changed female’s spelling, not its ancestry.
Female descends from Latin fēmella and fēmina through French; later English speakers remodeled its spelling under male.
RANK 142GRADE Aranked reveal
Conscious began as knowing—including knowing with another.
Latin cōnscius could describe awareness or knowledge shared with another person. English later centered the word on private awareness, wakefulness, and deliberate action.
RANK 154GRADE Aranked reveal
Truth and troth were once one word family in plain sight.
Middle English trouth and Old English trēowþ covered truth, faith, loyalty, and pledged fidelity before the modern words specialized.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary23 CLAIM LINKS
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδος
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones · Scaife ATLAS editors / 1940
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary10 CLAIM LINKS
ἔτυμος — A Greek-English Lexicon
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones / 1940
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary8 CLAIM LINKS
Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek — VIANT I
Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal editorial team / 1998
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary7 CLAIM LINKS
Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek — VRIENT I
Eelco Verwijs · Jacob Verdam · Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal / 1929
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
ἐτήτυμος — A Greek-English Lexicon
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones / 1940
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗institutional vocabulary5 CLAIM LINKS
Yatichaña aru pirwa: Vocabulario pedagógico aimara
Ministerio de Educación del Perú / 2020
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
μῦς — Liddell and Scott Ancient Greek Dictionary
H. G. Liddell and R. Scott; Centre for the Greek Language editors / 2007
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary4 CLAIM LINKS
Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch — hetzen, hessen
Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly essay4 CLAIM LINKS
La universalidad del español: encuentros y contactos lingüísticos
Fernando Iwasaki / 2023
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary4 CLAIM LINKS
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κήδω and κήδομαι
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones · Scaife ATLAS editors / 1940
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary4 CLAIM LINKS
Ordbok öfver svenska medeltids-språket — Fiande
Knut Fredrik Söderwall
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗dissertation3 CLAIM LINKS
Lichaam, eer en recht in middeleeuws Friesland
J. A. Nijdam / 2008
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Deliverance from enemies
Feind / Feind / early modern German, source-reported
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — feind, m.witness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Iliad, lament and grievous funeral rites
κῆδος / κῆδος / Homeric epic, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Odyssey, care or concern for others
κῆδος / κῆδος / Homeric epic, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Herodotus occurrence reported by the Liddell–Scott entry
μῦς / μυς / c. 430 BCE
μῦς — Liddell and Scott Ancient Greek Dictionaryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Soul’s enemy example
fēond / fēond / Old English, source-reported
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — feóndwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Ghent documentary record
viant / vient / vijand / 1236
Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek — VIANT Ireporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Rijmbijbel, Lucifer apposition
viant / vient / vijand / 1285
Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek — VIANT Ireporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Lutgart A, as reported by the Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek
lief / lief / 1276–1300
smeken — Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboekreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Enemies in a vice-and-innocence contrast
Feind / Feind / historical German, source-reported
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — feind, m.witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Life of Saint Lutgard, Devil sense
viant / vient / vijand / 1265–1270
Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek — VIANT Ireporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Liège Diatessaron, friend-enemy contrast
viant / vient / vijand / 1291–1300
Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek — VIANT Ireporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Söderwall Fiande, MP passage
fiande / fiände / fiende / medieval Swedish; edition locator MP 5:147
Ordbok öfver svenska medeltids-språket — Fiandereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.