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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL6 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Ho”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
HoEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Ho 𑣙𑣉𑣉 (hoː, “Human being”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗HoEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Borrowed from Chinese 何 (Mandarin: Hé, Cantonese: ho⁴, Hakka: Hò, Min Nan: Hô), or from Vietnamese Hồ.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗hoEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Middle English ho, hoo (interjection), from Old English hō, probably from Old Norse hó! (interjection, also, a shepherd's call). Compare Dutch ho, German ho, Old French ho! (“hold!, halt!”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗hoEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Pronunciation spelling of whore in non-rhotic accents with the dough-door merger, such as some varieties of African American Vernacular English; compare mo (“more”), fo' (“for; four”). The noun first appears c. 1964, whereas the verb first appears c. 1972.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗hoEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
From Middle English howe, houwe, hoȝe, from Old English hogu and hoga, from Proto-Germanic *hugô, *hugiz, *huguz (“mind, thought, understanding”), akin to Old High German hugu, hugi (Middle High German hüge), Old Saxon hugi (Middle Dutch höghe, Dutch heug), Old Norse hugr, Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐍃 (hugs).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗hoEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text
From Middle English howen, hoȝen, hogien, from Old English hogian, hugian, from Proto-Germanic *hugjaną. Cognate with Middle Scots huik, Old High German hucken, Old Saxon huggjan, Dutch heugen, Old Norse hyggja, Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hugjan).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nounheadword prefix
hogan
An English borrowing of Navajo hooghan, a home or dwelling term with specific Diné cultural reference.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
hospice
A program or facility for palliative care, historically a lodging or shelter for travelers, the poor, or the infirm.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
hospital
A medical institution whose name first referred to guest accommodation and charitable lodging, through Medieval Latin hospitāle.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
hospitality
The reception and care of guests, inherited through French from the Latin reciprocal host-and-guest family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
host
A person who receives guests, borrowed through Anglo-French from Latin hospes, a word that could name either side of a reciprocal hospitality relationship.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
hostel
A lodging place, especially an inexpensive dormitory-style accommodation, continuing the older hospitality branch shared with hospital and hotel.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectiveheadword prefix
hostile
Enemy-like or antagonistic, borrowed through French and Latin from hostīlis, built on Latin hostis “stranger; enemy.”
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
hostis
The Latin word for an outsider or public enemy, preserving the historical semantic turn from foreign stranger to armed opponent.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
hotel
A public lodging establishment, borrowed from French hôtel through Old French hostel and ultimately the Latin hospitality family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon adjectiveheadword prefix
hōti
Old Saxon hōti is a normalized adjective headword supported by three Heliand loci and five reported witness readings: nominative plural hotie in manuscript M and huotia in C at line 5183; accusative singular hotean in M and huotian in C at line 5246; and nominative singular huoti in C at line 5285. The Munich forms hotie and hotean are directly visible in Cgm 25 scans 150 and 152; the three Cotton readings remain source-reported. Köbler nevertheless prints hōti* with a trailing star, so the mark cannot be reduced to “no nominative exists”: the same entry explicitly reports nominative huoti. The deeper genealogy splits. UT groups hōti with the inherited hate family under Pokorny's k̑ād- “hate, displeasure, uneasiness”; Köbler cross-references hatōn as a headword but gives the adjective a distinct etymology through Germanic *hwōtja- beside *hwōtō “threat” and Pokorny's *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- complex “bore, prick, stab,” whose wider reflexes include whetting and inciting. The graph preserves both lanes. It does not turn hostile intent into a timeless essence, infer exact pronunciation from spelling, or pretend that a dictionary cross-reference settles ancestry.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun and adjectivehistorical-form prefix
human
A member of humankind or relating to people, borrowed through French from Latin hūmānus and the homō family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗onomastic compound elementcontrarian claim
-rīx
An attested Gaulish second member meaning “king” or “prince,” visible in compound personal names such as Dumnorix and Vercingetorix and inherited from Proto-Celtic *rīx-s.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Present-Day English / Indo-European
hogan
a traditional Diné dwelling; the borrowed English term
- DATE
- 1871–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
homō
human being; man
- DATE
- Latin
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Navajo / Diné bizaad / Na-Dene
hooghan
home, house, dwelling
- DATE
- Navajo historical and modern record
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
hospes (hospit-)
guest, visitor, or the person receiving a guest
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 6
Present-Day English / Indo-European
hospice
a program or facility providing palliative care; historically a lodging or shelter
- DATE
- 1818–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle French / Indo-European
hospise / hospice
lodging, shelter, or religious guesthouse
- DATE
- Middle French, c. 1300–1600
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
hospital
an institution for charitable residence and, later, medical care
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Anglo-French / Indo-European
hospital
guest lodging or charitable institution
- DATE
- Anglo-French
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
hospital / ospitale
residence for pilgrims and travelers; charitable lodging for poor or infirm people
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
hospitalite
reception of guests or provision of lodging
- DATE
- Middle English, c. 1100–1500
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
hospitality
reception of guests; provision of lodging; generous treatment of visitors
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Anglo-French / Indo-European
hospitalité
hospitality or entertainment of guests
- DATE
- Anglo-French, c. 1000–1400
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableword prefix
How secure is the remote hospes compound?
Hospital’s path to Latin hospitāle and hospes is secure; the further reduction of hospes from *ghos-pot- remains probable rather than certain.
openprobableword prefix
Is hospes securely reduced from *ghos-pot-?
The guest-master compound is a strong published analysis, but the amount of phonetic reduction has led scholars to question its exact form.
openprobableword prefix
Is hospes securely reduced from *ghos-pot-?
The guest-master compound is a strong published analysis, but the amount of phonetic reduction has led some scholars to question its exact form.
openproposedword prefix
Does *ghos-ti- descend from *ǵhes- “take, give in exchange”?
A deeper exchange root has been proposed, but Merriam-Webster labels the analysis hypothetical and the other reviewed root references stop at *ghos-ti-.
openestablishedword prefix
Does the trailing star mean that no nominative form is attested?
No simple rule of that kind fits this entry: Köbler explicitly reports nominative plural hotie and huotia plus nominative singular huoti beneath hōti*. The exact convention remains unstated in the located material.
openestablishedword prefix
Do ho- and huo- spellings prove one precisely dated sound change?
No. They establish witness variation across M and C. The available spellings, manuscript dates, and editorial macrons do not by themselves recover one exact phonetic sequence.
openproposedword prefix
Does hōti belong to the hate family or the threat-whet-incite family?
The reviewed sources disagree. UT files hōti under k̑ād- with hate reflexes; Köbler reconstructs *hwōtja- beside *hwōtō and the *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- complex.
openestablishedword prefix
Does Köbler's headword cross-reference to hatōn settle the ancestry?
No. “See hatōn” is a lexical cross-reference; the same entry's E field supplies the distinct *hwōtja- etymology. Cross-reference, semantic neighborhood, and parent edge are separate claim types.
openproposedword prefix
Is *hwōtja- securely derived from *hwōtō in that direction?
Not from the located evidence. Köbler says compare the noun *hwōtō “threat,” which establishes a proposed relationship but not a fully demonstrated direction of formation.
openestablishedword prefix
Is *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- a securely attested prehistoric word?
No. It is a Pokorny etymon adapted in a comparative database whose pages are explicitly under active construction. Its link to hōti is a published proposal.
openestablishedword prefix
Can one exact Old Saxon pronunciation of hōti be recovered?
No. Spellings, cases, manuscript variation, and editorial vowel length do not supply recorded speech or one completely dated phonetic reconstruction.
openestablishedword prefix
Does the threat-whet route unveil the word's one true nature as sharpened hostility?
No. That is an evocative modern paraphrase, not an attested ancient definition. The route itself is disputed, and the visible contexts establish hostile disposition or intent without recovering prehistoric consciousness.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 1GRADE Aranked-word prefix
A stranger became both guest and enemy.
The reciprocal outsider behind guest and host also became Latin hostis, “enemy.”
RANK 65GRADE Aranked-word prefix
A borrowed word can encode a category that English flattens.
Navajo hooghan means home or house within Diné life; English hogan should not be generalized into a label for any Indigenous dwelling.
RANK 89GRADE Aranked-word prefix
The host could also be the guest.
Latin hospes carried reciprocal host-and-guest roles. The opposition feels fixed in modern English, but the historical hospitality relationship could reverse when obligations were returned.
RANK 91GRADE Aranked-word prefix
A hospital was hospitality before medicine.
The English record begins with lodging and charitable shelter. The medical institution developed inside an older guest-care family rather than naming medicine from the start.
RANK 150GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Hotel and hospital are siblings, not parent and child.
French hôtel continues Old French hostel, while hospital follows a related learned route through the same Latin guest-accommodation family. English hotel is not simply a shortening of English hospital.
RANK 160GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Hospitality contains both host and guest.
Latin hospes could name either participant in reciprocal hospitality; the modern practice descends from a relationship, not just the host's action.
RANK 163GRADE Aranked-word prefix
The enemy was once the stranger.
Older Latin hostis named a foreigner or legally recognized outsider. Roman authors themselves explain how usage narrowed toward the armed or public enemy.
RANK 173GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Hostel is older than the modern hotel story.
Hostel, hotel, and hospital are doublets from Latin guest lodging. Hostel preserves the older-looking French form; it is not a recent clipping of hotel.
RANK 176GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Hospice began as hospitality, not terminal care.
English hospice first named lodging, especially a religious guesthouse. Palliative care is a later specialization of the same shelter-and-care history.
RANK 2GRADE Aranked reveal
Truth began with firmness and fidelity.
Before truth centered factual correspondence, its family named what was firm, faithful, and steadfast.
RANK 4GRADE Acontrarian claim
Humility is an earth-and-lowness metaphor.
Latin humus “ground” produced humilis “low,” then humilitās “lowness,” before the moral virtue.
RANK 6GRADE Aranked reveal
Evidence became a thread you could follow.
Old English cliewen was a ball of thread; the labyrinth metaphor turned it into guidance through uncertainty.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary15 CLAIM LINKS
Holbergordbog — Fiende
Aage Hansen · Sv. Eegholm-Pedersen · Christopher Maaløe
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary9 CLAIM LINKS
Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch — extracted entry hatia
Dietrich Hofmann · Anne Tjerk Popkema / 2008
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source3 CLAIM LINKS
ONP manuscript record — Holm perg 15 4° with folio 89v scan
Sprogsamlinger · University of Copenhagen / 1200
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary16 CLAIM LINKS
Host — Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary9 CLAIM LINKS
Hospital — Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary9 CLAIM LINKS
Hospitality — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary7 CLAIM LINKS
Hospice — Definition and Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary7 CLAIM LINKS
Hostile — Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary7 CLAIM LINKS
Hotel — Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
Hogan — Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
Host — Word History
American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
Hostel — Definition and Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s NOSOCOMIUM entry uses Hospital for an institution where poor sick people are attended and, if possible, cured.
hospital / hospital / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Cicero, De officiis 1.12.37, as reported in Lewis and Short
hostis / hostis / 44 BCE
hostis — Lewis and Short Latin Dictionaryattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexicographic first-use record for host in the hospitality sense
host / host / 14th century
Host — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexicographic first-use record for hospital
hospital / hospital / 14th century
Hospital — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexicographic first-use record for hostile
hostile / hostile / 1580
Hostile — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexicographic first-use record for hotel
hotel / hotel / 1687
Hotel — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hospice
hospice / hospice / First known use reported as 1818
Hospice — Definition and Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
hogan / hogan / 1871
Hogan — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hostel
hostel / hostel / First known use reported as the 14th century
Hostel — Definition and Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster lexicographic first-use record for hospitality
hospitality / hospitality / 14th century
Hospitality — Definition, Word History, and First Known Useattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Holm perg 15 4° folio 89v
hata / hata / c1200
ONP manuscript record — Holm perg 15 4° with folio 89v scanwitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Hobbes translation of Aristotle, explicit love definition
friend / friend / before 1637, source-reported
Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.witness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.