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START / NODE 300GothicGothic biblical tradition
liufs
The normalized Gothic adjective meaning dear or beloved, preserved through inflected manuscript forms including liuba and liubans.
“The star in Project Wulfila’s lemma *liufs does not turn Gothic into a reconstructed language. The lexeme is manuscript-attested; only its normalized citation form is inferred from surviving inflections.”OPEN COMPLETE WORD DOSSIER ↗
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FOLLOW EVERY BRANCH.
Compound components and competing routes stay separate. Every arrow retains its sound change, semantic change, scholar, confidence, and exact sources.
01
PARENT ROUTES1 REVIEWED RELATIONSHIP
Gothicliufs
dear, beloved
↑GO DEEPER
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic reconstruction*leubazdear, beloved, pleasing
*
RECONSTRUCTED, NOT DIRECTLY ATTESTED
- SOUND CHANGE
- Proto-Germanic *eu is reflected as Gothic iu; the stem-final fricative appears as f in the normalized nominative liufs and as b in manuscript inflections such as liuba and liubans.
- SEMANTIC CHANGE
- The sense dear or beloved remains stable in the surviving biblical uses.
- SCHOLAR
- Guus Kroonen · Wilhelm Streitberg · Project Wulfila editors
- CONFIDENCE
- probable — The inflectional alternation is manuscript-attested; the Proto-Germanic parent and phonological staging are reconstructed.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Proto-Germanic prehistory to the fourth-century Gothic translation tradition and early-sixth-century manuscript.
3 CITATIONSEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanics.v. *leubaz, Gothic liufs Lemma *liufs — Gothic dictionaryLemma *liufs; occurrences liuba, liuban, liubans, liubin, liubai Gothic Bible word analysis — Mark 1:11Mark 1:11, token liuba; Streitberg 1910 p. 85 AUDIT CANONICAL EDGE 291 ↗
Supplies the reconstructed Germanic parent of the Gothic adjective.
ORIGINAL ↗Documents the normalized lemma and 33 manuscript-linked inflected occurrences.
ORIGINAL ↗Links an actual Codex Argenteus token to the liufs lexeme and displays the f/b stem alternation.
ORIGINAL ↗THE ASTERISK IS A PROMISE
RECONSTRUCTION IS
NOT INSCRIPTION.
Crossing into a starred form changes the evidence class. The interface marks that crossing, preserves confidence, and never manufactures the next root to make the picture look complete.