RECURSIVE ANCESTOR EXPLORER
GLOBAL GRAPH ↗NORTH-STAR FEATURE / ROOT OF THE ROOT
WORD → PARENT → PARENT → UNKNOWNGO TO
THE ROOT.
Do not stop at the first ancestor. Follow every cited route—through compounds, reconstructions, and disagreements—until human knowledge actually stops.
START / NODE 1286Old SaxonOld Saxon Heliand and smaller-monument record
hatōn
The normalized Old Saxon weak-verb lemma hatōn is supported by a four-locus dictionary inventory: Heliand 1451 writes infinitive hatan in manuscript M and haton in manuscript C; Heliand 4915 writes genitive-plural present-participial hatandiero in M and hettendero in C; manuscript C supplies preterite hatoda at Heliand 5423; and GlG supplies infinitive haton aligned with Latin odisse. Those are six witness readings at four cited loci, not six independent lexemes or four manuscripts. The first Munich infinitive and the Munich hatandiero locus were directly inspected. The category problem is deeper than spelling: Köbler also indexes the Heliand 4915 forms under the separate agent noun hėttiand, enemy. The record therefore exposes the exact point where a live participial form and a lexicalized enemy noun overlap. It does not prove that pursue was the root meaning, that every enemy hates, or that every indexed form belongs unambiguously to one synchronic category.
“Old Saxon hate crosses a visible grammatical fault line. One of the four verb loci, hatandiero or hettendero at Heliand 4915, is also indexed under the enemy noun hėttiand: the same written evidence can be read as a present participle, haters, and as a lexicalized agent noun, enemies.”OPEN COMPLETE WORD DOSSIER ↗
EVERY REVIEWED PARENT, NOT ONE EDITORIAL PATH
FOLLOW EVERY BRANCH.
Compound components and competing routes stay separate. Every arrow retains its sound change, semantic change, scholar, confidence, and exact sources.
01
PARENT ROUTES1 REVIEWED RELATIONSHIP
Old Saxonhatōn
to hate; in lexicographic description, also pursue
↑GO DEEPER
Old Saxon · Munich Heliand manuscript, second half of the ninth centuryhatanto hate in the quoted enemy command; wider paradigm also glossed pursue
- SOUND CHANGE
- The normalized lemma hatōn abstracts over written infinitive hatan in Munich manuscript M and haton in manuscript C. The macron and final-vowel normalization are editorial analyses; this edge does not claim that one token changed directly into the other.
- SEMANTIC CHANGE
- No meaning change is assigned. Both infinitive readings belong to the same reviewed hate verb, while their object dates and manuscript identities remain separate.
- SCHOLAR
- Gerhard Köbler · University of Texas Linguistics Research Center · SET-U manuscript review
- CONFIDENCE
- established — Köbler explicitly prints hatōn as the entry and hatan or haton as the Heliand 1451 manuscript readings. The Munich hatan pixels were directly inspected.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Normalized dictionary lemma over ninth- and tenth-century written evidence.
3 CITATIONSAltsächsisches Wörterbuch — hatōn and hėttiandhatōn entry: H Inf. hatan 1451 M, haton 1451 C Old Saxon Reflex Index — hatan, hatōn, heti, and hōti under k̑ād-Old Saxon reflex rows hatan and hatōn under k̑ād- Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 45, folio 22r, hatan locusCgm 25 scan 45, folio 22r, line containing fiund hatan AUDIT CANONICAL EDGE 1253 ↗
Places both written infinitive readings under the normalized Old Saxon headword.
ORIGINAL ↗Independently preserves both normalized spellings in the comparative index.
ORIGINAL ↗Directly verifies the Munich manuscript spelling hatan without turning it into a second lexeme.
ORIGINAL ↗THE ASTERISK IS A PROMISE
RECONSTRUCTION IS
NOT INSCRIPTION.
Crossing into a starred form changes the evidence class. The interface marks that crossing, preserves confidence, and never manufactures the next root to make the picture look complete.