RECURSIVE ANCESTOR EXPLORER
GLOBAL GRAPH ↗NORTH-STAR FEATURE / ROOT OF THE ROOT
WORD → PARENT → PARENT → UNKNOWNGO TO
THE ROOT.
Do not stop at the first ancestor. Follow every cited route—through compounds, reconstructions, and disagreements—until human knowledge actually stops.
START / NODE 1256Old FrisianOld Frisian legal and theological records, text 1220-1300 through manuscripts 1490-1540
hatia
Old Frisian hatia is a weak verb whose lexicographic field extends beyond an inward feeling. Hofmann and Popkema give hate or reject, damage, and a feud-language expression for harming or pursuing someone as an enemy. A May 2026 Corpus Oudfries search for word or lemma hatia returns six records in 235,462 tokens, but those are not six instances of this verb. Buma's critical note on Brokmer B 101 explicitly identifies its written hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h, and Nijdam translates the passage as a poor mother being unable to feed her children. That token is excluded from the hate lineage. The five relevant corpus records occur in legal, road, family, and theological contexts: forms hatijen, hatie, hata, and hatien can concern harming or hindering on a road, a writing or event going against someone, or God hating perjury, lying speech, and false witnesses. The current corpus count is a bounded research surface, not a frequency estimate for medieval speech or a claim about every surviving witness. The underlying manuscripts were not directly inspected for this dossier, no earliest-use claim is made, and no exact historical pronunciation is invented.
“One corpus hit written hatia is not "hate" at all. Buma identifies it as atia "rear" with a prothetic h; the genuine verb ranges through legal harm and obstruction as well as theological hate.”OPEN COMPLETE WORD DOSSIER ↗
EVERY REVIEWED PARENT, NOT ONE EDITORIAL PATH
FOLLOW EVERY BRANCH.
Compound components and competing routes stay separate. Every arrow retains its sound change, semantic change, scholar, confidence, and exact sources.
01
PARENT ROUTES1 REVIEWED RELATIONSHIP
Old Frisianhatia
to hate or reject; to damage; in feud-language, to harm or pursue as an enemy
↑GO DEEPER
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic reconstruction alternatives*xatēnan ~ *xatōjananreconstructed class-III or related weak verbs meaning hate
*
RECONSTRUCTED, NOT DIRECTLY ATTESTED
- SOUND CHANGE
- Old Frisian h corresponds to the Germanic fricative Orel writes x. The attested weak-verb forms show spelling and inflectional variation including hatia, hatijen, hatie, hata, and hatien, but the reviewed sources do not publish one complete dated series of intermediate spoken changes.
- SEMANTIC CHANGE
- The inherited hostility verb is used across hate or rejection, damage, feud-language enemy pursuit, road obstruction, legal adversity, and theological condemnation. No dictionary sense order is promoted as a chronological semantic path.
- SCHOLAR
- Vladimir Orel · Dietrich Hofmann · Anne Tjerk Popkema · Corpus Oudfries editors
- CONFIDENCE
- probable — The comparative Germanic family is published, but reconstruction notation varies and one corpus homograph must be excluded from the hate lineage.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Proto-Germanic reconstruction into source-reported Old Frisian legal and theological records.
4 CITATIONSA Handbook of Germanic Etymology — *xataz, *xatjanan, and *xatōjananp. 203, *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan and Old Frisian hatia Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch — extracted entry hatiaHeadword hatia, variants and senses 1-2 Corpus Oudfries — About and version 1.0Version 1.0 corpus scope and annotation method Die Brokmer Rechtshandschriften — B 101 and critical note hatia = atiaB 101 critical note: hatia = atia "rear" with prothetic h AUDIT CANONICAL EDGE 1228 ↗
Publishes the reconstructed weak-verb alternation and the Old Frisian daughter.
ORIGINAL ↗Documents the Old Frisian verb, its variants, and the hate, reject, damage, and feud-language range.
ORIGINAL ↗Defines the bounded current corpus and its lexicographic annotation basis.
ORIGINAL ↗Excludes one apparent corpus hit from the inherited hate verb rather than letting spelling alone define the lineage.
ORIGINAL ↗THE ASTERISK IS A PROMISE
RECONSTRUCTION IS
NOT INSCRIPTION.
Crossing into a starred form changes the evidence class. The interface marks that crossing, preserves confidence, and never manufactures the next root to make the picture look complete.