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START / NODE 1148GothicGothic biblical tradition
hatan
A Gothic weak verb conventionally glossed hate, represented by exactly two currently reported corpus tokens: hatandane in Luke 1:71 and hatandans in Luke 6:27. Both are present participles; no surviving token writes the normalized infinitive. Their translation behavior defeats a one-word gloss: Luke 1 uses fijandam for enemies and hatandane for those hating, while Luke 6 uses hatandans for enemies and fijandam for those hating. Project Wulfila keeps class-III hatan separate from class-I hatjan, Braune calls the forms conjugational fluctuation, Orel publishes a reconstructed class-III alternation, and Sturtevant argues that the hatan shape may instead be a specifically Gothic secondary formation.
“Gothic does not map one English hate word to one ancestral verb. Its only two hatan tokens are participles, and across two Luke passages hatan and fijan trade the constructional roles enemies and those who hate.”OPEN COMPLETE WORD DOSSIER ↗
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01
PARENT ROUTES2 REVIEWED RELATIONSHIPS
Gothichatan
to hate; in a substantivized participle, an enemy or one who hates
↑GO DEEPER
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic reconstruction alternatives*xatēnan ~ *xatōjananreconstructed class-III or related weak verbs meaning hate
*
RECONSTRUCTED, NOT DIRECTLY ATTESTED
- SOUND CHANGE
- On the inherited analysis, Gothic h and the hat- stem continue the Germanic forms Orel writes with x, while the Gothic class-III paradigm is compared with the reconstructed *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan alternation.
- SEMANTIC CHANGE
- The Germanic weak-verb family meaning hate continues in the two surviving Gothic participles, one of which is substantivized as enemies.
- SCHOLAR
- Vladimir Orel · Project Wulfila editors
- CONFIDENCE
- proposed — The comparative family is published, but the exact reconstruction varies and Sturtevant argues that Gothic hatan may be a secondary formation beside hatjan rather than a straightforward inherited class-III reflex.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Proto-Germanic reconstruction into the fourth-century Gothic translation tradition and surviving early-sixth-century manuscript.
5 CITATIONSA Handbook of Germanic Etymology — *xataz, *xatjanan, and *xatōjananp. 203, *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan and Germanic cognate verbs Lemma hatan — Gothic dictionary and occurrence inventoryLemma hatan, class sw.V.3 and two-token occurrence inventory A Gothic Grammar with Selections for Reading and a Glossary — hatan and hatjan§§191–193 and note: class-III -ai- distribution; hatan fluctuates with class-I hatjan Die gotische Bibel — Wörterbuch entry hatanWörterbuch entry hatan sw.V.3 hassen Notes on Gothic Forms — Hatan : hatjan “to hate”p. 452, Hatan : hatjan “to hate” AUDIT CANONICAL EDGE 1136 ↗
Publishes the inherited comparative reconstruction and branch set.
ORIGINAL ↗Identifies the class-III Gothic lexeme and its complete current corpus count.
ORIGINAL ↗Treats the Gothic forms as conjugational fluctuation rather than a clean separate inheritance.
ORIGINAL ↗Independently supplies the historical dictionary lemma, class, and gloss.
ORIGINAL ↗Argues that a specifically Gothic secondary origin is more probable and notes that hatan occurs only in the present participle.
ORIGINAL ↗Gothichatan
to hate; in a substantivized participle, an enemy or one who hates
↑GO DEEPER
Gothic · Gothic biblical traditionhatjanto hate
- SOUND CHANGE
- Sturtevant analyzes hatan beside hatjan through a specifically Gothic secondary association with the fijan/fian pattern; Braune independently records fluctuation between class III and class I.
- SEMANTIC CHANGE
- The two Gothic hate paradigms overlap semantically and morphologically without proving that every construction or sense was identical.
- SCHOLAR
- Albert Morey Sturtevant · Wilhelm Braune
- CONFIDENCE
- proposed — This is a published internal-Gothic explanation competing with direct inherited class-III analysis, not a claim that attested hatjan is a chronologically older written ancestor.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Synchronic or post-inherited Gothic remodeling before the surviving sixth-century manuscript.
2 CITATIONSA Gothic Grammar with Selections for Reading and a Glossary — hatan and hatjan§193 note: hatan fluctuates between class III and class I hatjan Notes on Gothic Forms — Hatan : hatjan “to hate”p. 452, Hatan : hatjan “to hate” AUDIT CANONICAL EDGE 1141 ↗
Independently records the overlapping Gothic paradigm analysis.
ORIGINAL ↗Publishes the specifically Gothic secondary explanation and its two-participle corpus basis.
ORIGINAL ↗THE ASTERISK IS A PROMISE
RECONSTRUCTION IS
NOT INSCRIPTION.
Crossing into a starred form changes the evidence class. The interface marks that crossing, preserves confidence, and never manufactures the next root to make the picture look complete.