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THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL4 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Yer”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
YerEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
From Y + -er.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗yerEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Most likely from the intrusive R, between "yeah" (/jəː/) and a non-high vowel (/ə/, /ɪə/, /ɑː/, /ɔː/). For example, "Yeah-r-I know" (/jəɹ ʌɪ nəʊ/).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗yerEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Borrowed from Russian ер (jer, “ъ”) and ерь (jerʹ, “ь”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗yerEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024015
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nounhistorical form
chess
The board game whose English name arrives through French chess vocabulary, with competing scholarly accounts of the deeper Persian and Arabic route.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb · noun · adjectivehistorical form
collect
To bring together, accumulate, infer, or receive; from Latin colligere, literally built with a together-prefix and legere.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun and adjectivehistorical form
dairy
Milk, milk products, or a place and enterprise devoted to them; historically built on the occupational word for a woman managing milk and food production.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbhistorical form
law
A binding rule, body of rules, or regular principle; a Scandinavian loan in Old English whose deepest secure family means lie or lay.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Ancient Greek neuter noundossier summary
κῆδος
Ancient Greek κῆδος is an attested neuter noun whose lexical record spans care or concern, anxiety and grief, troubles, mourning and funeral rites, an object of care, and connection by marriage. LSJ documents the Doric variant κᾶδος, Homeric plural forms such as κήδεα or elided κήδεʼ, an Aeschylean play between Helen as an object of care and marriage connection, and a warning that some marriage-based readings of Homeric passages are wrong. Comparative sources place the noun beneath a proposed *ḱh₂d-es- formation and *ḱeh₂d- base alongside Celtic and Germanic material, but the semantic unity of care, grief, battle, hostility, pursuit, and hate remains disputed. The dossier preserves the Greek semantic network, the proposed ancestry, and the explicit boundary as separate claim layers.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗024
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Present-Day English / Indo-European
chess
the two-player strategy board game
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
collect
to bring together; a prayer; payable by recipient
- DATE
- before 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Anglo-French / Indo-European
deyerie
dairy; milk-production place
- DATE
- Anglo-French
- MATCH
- transliteration
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old Norse / Indo-European
lǫg / lög; lag
law; a laying, layer, order, or disposition
- DATE
- Old Norse
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0313
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 7
openproposedposition text
Are the prayer and gathering senses identical histories?
They converge on Latin collēctus / colligere, but the prayer noun may refer specifically to a congregation’s gathering place; the immediate motivation is qualified as “perhaps.”
openprobableposition text
How should Ephesians 2:3 hatize and hatis be parsed?
The witnesses disagree in form and the analytical layers disagree in labeling. Project Wulfila’s current morphology lists A hatize as genitive plural and B hatis as nominative or accusative singular; Braune calls B hatis a consonantal genitive beside A hatizē, while Streitberg’s later teaching glossary calls genitive hatis erroneous.
openspeculativeposition text
Did Lydian contact cause the loss of initial aspiration?
Gális presents Lydian contact only as a theoretical possibility, not an established cause of Greek psilosis.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Why does the twelfth month mean tenth?
The Latin name belongs to an early Roman year beginning in March, when December occupied the tenth position. Calendar reform changed the position while the name persisted.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the salt relationship prove soldiers were paid in salt?
No. Salt and salary belong to the same comparative salt family, but the real lexical kinship does not establish the viral literal-payment story.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does modern vriend literally mean someone currently loving?
No. Historical morphology and current lexical meaning are different layers.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the Ionic-Attic η beside Doric ā prove the whole Indo-European route?
No. The dialectal vowel pattern supports Greek-internal history, but it does not by itself establish the proposed root, suffix, or non-Greek cognates.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 6
RANK 45GRADE Aranked reveal
One Gothic anger verb survives in one question—and not in its dictionary form.
Project Wulfila’s complete current inventory contains one hatizōn token: hatizoþ in John 7:23, “are you angry at me?” Codex Argenteus folio 94v directly preserves the inflection. The manuscript never writes the normalized infinitive or its editorial macron. Grammar then reveals another layer: hatizōn is a class-II verb built from the consonantal stem hatiz- of hatis “hatred” or “wrath.” One English gloss therefore hides a noun-to-verb formation, one surviving grammatical person, and a sharp boundary between pixels and reconstruction.
RANK 46GRADE Aranked reveal
Old High German hazzōn is a paradigm fault line, not proof that hate originally meant pursue.
The clean dictionary headword conceals paired ēn and ōn forms: Starling reports hazzēn in the eighth century and hazzōn in the ninth, Duden prints haʒʒēn and haʒʒōn, and the UT reflex index also records hazēn and hazōn. Corpus-wide research confirms that Old High German ēn verbs can show ōn double forms. DWB reports aemulari and insequi alignments that support emulation, following, or hostile pursuit—but Pokorny’s comparative warning is exact: Germanic evidence does not prove that pursue was the root’s basic meaning. The normalized form, the source-reported tokens, the paradigm analysis, and the prehistoric semantic claim are four different evidence layers.
RANK 49GRADE Aranked reveal
The token is attested even though the dictionary headword wears an asterisk.
Köbler heads the Old Saxon noun hėti* but lists written accusative and dative heti plus genitive hetias beneath it. The exact Munich Heliand token is directly visible in the clause rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi. The dictionary count three also hides a second distinction: it means three lexical loci, while Heliand 1322 survives with M, C, and V readings, producing five reported witness readings across the dossier. The star therefore belongs to an editorial headword layer; it does not erase the attested surface or turn Old Saxon into Proto-Germanic. The visible Heliand context is endured hostility or persecution, while the Saxon Confession groups hetias with malice, envy, and slander. Even the inherited grammar stays open: Fulk and Köbler use an i-stem analysis, whereas Pfeifer calls the wider noun an old es/os-stem.
RANK 79GRADE Aranked reveal
The modern spelling arrived after the word.
Urdu historical records preserve چا and چاہ before standard modern چائے displaced them. A familiar written form can be the newest layer of an older spoken history.
RANK 132GRADE Aranked reveal
Dairy begins with a woman, then a baker, then dough.
The milk-production place is formed on deie, a woman managing milk, continuing Old English dǣge, female baker or servant, in the dough and shaping family.
RANK 138GRADE Branked reveal
The Devil may have preserved the second syllable of Dutch vijand.
The solid layer is already strange: vijand is a fossilized present participle, literally one who hates. The speculative layer is stranger. EWN, Van Veen, De Vries, and Van Haeringen propose that medieval use for the Devil made vijand a church or consecrated term whose full ending resisted the reduction seen in vriend. VMNW proves the Devil sense was real with repeated thirteenth-century records. It does not prove the phonological cause. The correct reveal is may have preserved, not did preserve.
045
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
digitized primary source9 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 41, folio 20r, heti locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source8 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 45, folio 22r, hatan locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source4 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 142, hatandiero locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source4 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 150, hotie locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source4 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 152, hotean locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗051
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.