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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Lid”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
lidEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- Proto-Indo-European *-éyti Proto-Indo-European *ḱléyti Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- Proto-Indo-European *-tós Proto-Indo-European *ḱlitós Proto-Indo-European *-om Proto-Indo-European *ḱlitóm Proto-Germanic *hlidą Proto-West Germanic *hlid Old English hlid Middle English lid English lid Inherited from Middle English lid, lyd, from Old English hlid, from Proto-West Germanic *hlid, from Proto-Germanic *hlidą (compare Dutch lid, German Lid (“eyelid”), Swedish lid (“gate”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlitós (“covered”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to cover”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 20240112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nounhistorical form
alpaca
An English animal and fiber word borrowed through Spanish from Aymara allpaqa / allphaqa.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbhistorical form
betroth
To promise in marriage; a Middle English prefixed formation built on the same historical noun that yielded truth and troth.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
llama
An English animal name borrowed through Spanish from Quechua llama.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
logic
The discipline and practice of valid reasoning, inherited through French and Latin from a Greek family of word, account, speech, and reason.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
tree
A perennial woody plant; inherited through Old English trēow and Germanic *trewam from the firmness-and-wood branch of *deru-.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
troth
Pledged fidelity, good faith, or betrothal; a surviving historical twin of truth rather than a later poetic fabrication.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
truce
A temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement; inherited through a Middle English plural of a word for agreement or pledge.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivehistorical form
true
In accord with fact, reality, or a standard; historically an inherited word whose older center is firmness, faithfulness, and steadfastness.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
trust
Assured reliance, confidence, or responsibility; probably entering Middle English from Scandinavian material meaning confidence and firmness.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
truth
Conformity with fact or reality; inherited through Old English trēowþ, whose recorded semantic field includes fidelity, loyalty, and constancy.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
yogurt
English yogurt, recorded by 1625, is a borrowing of Turkish yoğurt. Scholarship relates the noun to the Turkish verb yoğurmak, but the age of the food itself is a separate historical question.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Ancient Greek neuter noundossier summary
κῆδος
Ancient Greek κῆδος is an attested neuter noun whose lexical record spans care or concern, anxiety and grief, troubles, mourning and funeral rites, an object of care, and connection by marriage. LSJ documents the Doric variant κᾶδος, Homeric plural forms such as κήδεα or elided κήδεʼ, an Aeschylean play between Helen as an object of care and marriage connection, and a warning that some marriage-based readings of Homeric passages are wrong. Comparative sources place the noun beneath a proposed *ḱh₂d-es- formation and *ḱeh₂d- base alongside Celtic and Germanic material, but the semantic unity of care, grief, battle, hostility, pursuit, and hate remains disputed. The dossier preserves the Greek semantic network, the proposed ancestry, and the explicit boundary as separate claim layers.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗026
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*deru-
*deru- / *dreu-be firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European horizon
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 7
Present-Day English / Indo-European
alpaca
the domesticated camelid; its fiber or cloth
- DATE
- 1747–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
llama
the South American camelid
- DATE
- 1600–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Spanish / Indo-European
llama
llama; Andean camelid
- DATE
- colonial and modern Spanish
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
logic
the study or use of valid reasoning
- DATE
- 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
yogurt
a fermented semisolid milk food
- DATE
- 1625–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0313
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 5
openprobableposition text
Can the exact pronunciation and path into fjá be recovered?
Not completely. Vowel quantity, optional glide, contraction, surface variation, and poetic normalization belong to historical analysis rather than recorded audio.
openproposedposition text
Can the exact date and phonological staging of cynn be treated as settled?
The main sequence—gemination, umlaut, glide loss, and ending loss—is strongly evidenced, but the exact dating of West Germanic gemination and the analysis and chronology of Sievers’ Law remain debated.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did rich originally mean only possessing money?
No. Old English rīce is glossed strong or powerful, and the wider family centers on rule and kingship before the modern abundance field.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did *deru- mean only tree or wood?
No. The published reconstructed semantic range begins with being firm, solid, or steadfast and extends to wood and tree.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are Greek mouse and muscle merely accidental homonyms?
The reviewed Liddell–Scott entry treats μῦς as one lexical entry with both rodent and body-muscle senses, and Modern Greek explicitly derives both learned senses from Ancient Greek.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 8
RANK 2GRADE Aranked reveal
Truth began with firmness and fidelity.
Before truth centered factual correspondence, its family named what was firm, faithful, and steadfast.
RANK 100GRADE Aranked reveal
True was steadfast before it was merely factual.
Old English trēowe meant faithful; its Germanic *treuwaz branch reaches reconstructed *deru- “firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree.” Factual accuracy is real, but not the whole history.
RANK 101GRADE Aranked reveal
To betroth is to bind by one’s truth or troth.
Middle English bitrouthen visibly combines bi-/be- with trouth, the historical fidelity noun before modern truth and troth were cleanly separated.
RANK 102GRADE Aranked reveal
A truce was grammatically plural.
Modern singular truce continues Middle English trewes, the plural of an agreement noun from Old English trēow “fidelity.” A ceasefire is historically a set of pledged terms.
RANK 103GRADE Aranked reveal
Tree and truth meet at firmness, not fantasy.
Tree follows the wood branch through Germanic *trewam; truth follows the fidelity branch through *treuwaz and *treuwithō. They meet at *deru- “firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree.”
RANK 138GRADE Branked reveal
The Devil may have preserved the second syllable of Dutch vijand.
The solid layer is already strange: vijand is a fossilized present participle, literally one who hates. The speculative layer is stranger. EWN, Van Veen, De Vries, and Van Haeringen propose that medieval use for the Devil made vijand a church or consecrated term whose full ending resisted the reduction seen in vriend. VMNW proves the Devil sense was real with repeated thirteenth-century records. It does not prove the phonological cause. The correct reveal is may have preserved, not did preserve.
RANK 153GRADE Aranked reveal
Trust is confidence made firm.
The likely Scandinavian noun belongs to a Germanic family of firmness and faith. Its exact Old Norse donor remains probable rather than certain.
RANK 154GRADE Aranked reveal
Truth and troth were once one word family in plain sight.
Middle English trouth and Old English trēowþ covered truth, faith, loyalty, and pledged fidelity before the modern words specialized.
048
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary23 CLAIM LINKS
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδος
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones · Scaife ATLAS editors / 1940
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary4 CLAIM LINKS
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κήδω and κήδομαι
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones · Scaife ATLAS editors / 1940
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary10 CLAIM LINKS
ἔτυμος — A Greek-English Lexicon
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones / 1940
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
ἐτήτυμος — A Greek-English Lexicon
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones / 1940
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
μῦς — Liddell and Scott Ancient Greek Dictionary
H. G. Liddell and R. Scott; Centre for the Greek Language editors / 2007
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly essay4 CLAIM LINKS
La universalidad del español: encuentros y contactos lingüísticos
Fernando Iwasaki / 2023
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary1 CLAIM LINKS
πρόσωπον — Liddell, Scott, Jones Ancient Greek Lexicon
Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, and Perseus Editors / 1940
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary1 CLAIM LINKS
ἐτητυμία — A Greek-English Lexicon
Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones / 1940
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗057
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Iliad, lament and grievous funeral rites
κῆδος / κῆδος / Homeric epic, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Odyssey, care or concern for others
κῆδος / κῆδος / Homeric epic, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Herodotus occurrence reported by the Liddell–Scott entry
μῦς / μυς / c. 430 BCE
μῦς — Liddell and Scott Ancient Greek Dictionaryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Ludwigslied, public or military enemies
fīant / fīant / ninth-century Ludwigslied; source-reported
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîant, fîjantwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Aeschylus, Helen as object of care with a marriage-sense play
κῆδος / κῆδος / Classical Athenian tragedy, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Thucydides, contracting a daughter's marriage
κῆδος / κῆδος / Classical Greek historiography, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Pindar, Doric singular variant in a death context
κῆδος / κῆδος / Archaic Greek lyric, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.