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THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Ded”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
dedEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Russian military slang дед (ded, “soldiers after their third or fourth half-year of compulsory military service”, literally “grandfather”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 20240112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
noun combining formcontrarian claim
-logy
A bound English word element used in formations involving discourse or expression and in names of doctrines, theories, sciences, and fields of study.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
aguacate
The Spanish word for the avocado tree and fruit, borrowed from Nahuatl āhuacatl, whose historical records include both fruit and testicle senses.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
algorithm
A finite or stepwise procedure, descended through medieval arithmetic vocabulary from the Latinized name of al-Khwārizmī.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
bayou
English bayou, recorded by 1763, came from Louisiana French bayouque. An early Choctaw *bayok is a plausible proposed source, but the historical form and its alleged contraction to modern bók are not securely attested.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbdossier summary
betroth
To promise in marriage; a Middle English prefixed formation built on the same historical noun that yielded truth and troth.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbdossier summary
boomerang
An Aboriginal Australian borrowing recorded in English by 1824. Dharug and Dharawal forms have been proposed, but the Australian National Dictionary Centre says the exact source language remains uncertain.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Middle Irish noundossier summary
cais
eDIL separates two Irish headwords written cais. The first, also recorded as caise, is explicitly explained both as love and as hate; its cited passages and glossary equations range from searc and grádh "love" to miscais and mioscais "hatred", with context deciding individual readings. One Éigse line is tentatively translated so that the same visible form occurs on both sides: "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark matters. The second eDIL headword cais means "eye" and is excluded from this semantic lineage. These records establish a remarkable lexicographic opposition, not one timeless essence, a chronology from love to hate, or proof that every occurrence belongs to one historically indivisible sense. John T. Koch compares the noun with Proto-Celtic *katsi- < *kad-t/si- and a wider *kad- family, but that ancestry and its proposed Germanic comparison remain open. eDIL itself generally supplies etymologies only selectively. No manuscript pixels were directly inspected, no earliest-use or historical-frequency claim is made, and no exact pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
candid
Open or frank in modern English, inherited through French and Latin from a family of brightness and whiteness.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
conscience
The moral sense or awareness of one's conduct, inherited through medieval French from the Latin knowing-family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun and adjectivehistorical form
dairy
Milk, milk products, or a place and enterprise devoted to them; historically built on the occupational word for a woman managing milk and food production.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
dough
A kneadable flour mixture; inherited from Old English dāg through a Germanic formation on the Indo-European form-and-build root.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbcontrarian claim
feign
To invent, fabricate, make a likeness, or pretend; borrowed through Anglo-French from Latin fingere, to shape or fashion.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*daiga-
dough; kneaded mass
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic stem
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*dhoigh-o-
formed or kneaded mass
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed o-grade formation
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old Swedish / Indo-European
fiande / fiände
enemy or opponent; also the Devil in recorded medieval use
- DATE
- Old Swedish; recorded from the beginning of the 1300s
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Spanish / Indo-European
hamaca
hammock; suspended bed or net
- DATE
- Spanish
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Taíno / Arawakan
hamaca
hammock; suspended sleeping net
- DATE
- Taíno source form
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
host
one who receives or entertains guests; later many extended roles
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle French / Indo-European
humiliation
act intended to humble; fact of being humble or humbling oneself
- DATE
- Middle French, before 1449–1495 record
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
intelligent
having or showing understanding, judgment, or mental capacity; later also computer-guided
- DATE
- circa 1540–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
kayak
a narrow pointed boat propelled by a double-bladed paddle
- DATE
- 1757–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
legal
of, founded on, or permitted by law
- DATE
- 15th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Spanish / Indo-European
pocho / poncho
faded, discolored; proposed source family for the garment word
- DATE
- historical Spanish candidate
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Middle Dutch / Indo-European
viant / vient
enemy or opponent; also the Devil, an evil spirit, or a monster in recorded contexts
- DATE
- Middle Dutch
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0321
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableposition text
Can the lexicalization of one who hates as enemy be dated to one exact event?
No unique event is known. Cross-branch evidence places it before the recorded daughter languages, but no text records the prehistoric lexicalization moment.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest counting root *h₂rei- or *erei-dhmo- from *re-?
The references use different levels and notations: Merriam-Webster derives the Greek base through *h₂rei-, while Etymonline prints an expanded *erei-dhmo- formation tied to *re-.
openprobableposition text
How was historical cais pronounced in each cited period and region?
Not directly recoverable from the reviewed evidence. Written forms and variants do not constitute recorded audio or a complete phonological reconstruction.
openboundaryposition text
Is *lˤra the final word on the ancestry of tea?
It is the final reviewed reconstruction in this dossier, not a declaration that no deeper hypothesis exists. No unique deeper form is promoted until a competing analysis is encoded with direct evidence.
openprobableposition text
Exactly which Romance language handed the word to English?
French and Italian stages are both central in reference accounts; a single linear donor route can overstate the surviving evidence.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact pronunciation and path into fjá be recovered?
Not completely. Vowel quantity, optional glide, contraction, surface variation, and poetic normalization belong to historical analysis rather than recorded audio.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact Old Norse pronunciation be heard or uniquely recovered?
No. The displayed IPA is a normalized scholarly approximation; manuscript spelling and comparative phonology cannot reproduce one recorded medieval voice.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact pronunciation of frēond be heard or uniquely recovered?
No. The displayed IPA is a normalized scholarly approximation across written dialect evidence, not one recorded Old English voice.
openestablishedposition text
What is the exact earliest surviving fīēn token?
Not established here. AWB supplies a bounded manuscript horizon and edition locators but no single inspected first object or exact year.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact Proto-Germanic pronunciation and path into fīēn be recovered?
Not completely. Optional j, vowel quantity, stem remodeling, and daughter inflection belong to comparative analysis rather than a recorded transition.
openestablishedposition text
Can one exact spoken pronunciation be recovered?
No recorded voice survives. The macron and grammatical spelling support a historical phonological analysis, but they do not license an audio-like exact realization.
openestablishedposition text
Can one exact Old Saxon pronunciation of heti be recovered?
No. The reviewed sources supply spellings, editorial vowel notation, grammar, and comparison, but no recorded voice or fully dated phonetic sequence.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 9
RANK 15GRADE Aranked reveal
The modern stigma of Weib is not the timeless nature of wīb.
Duden marks modern Weib increasingly discriminatory, while Old High German records preserve wīb in old-woman and wife expressions; the deeper origin remains unresolved.
RANK 17GRADE Aranked reveal
-logy never simply meant “the study of.”
The bound form’s recorded range includes expression and discourse as well as doctrine, theory, science, and study. Its trail reaches Greek logos—word, speech, account, reckoning, reason—rather than a prehistoric word meaning “science.”
RANK 44GRADE Aranked reveal
One corpus hit written hatia is not the hate verb at all.
The May 2026 Corpus Oudfries search returns six records under word or lemma hatia, but spelling alone creates a trap. In Brokmer B 101, Buma explicitly identifies hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h; Nijdam's translation confirms a poor mother unable to feed her children. That token is excluded from the hate lineage. The five relevant records then reveal the genuine verb's own range: harm or hindrance on an army road, legal adversity, and God hating perjury, lying speech, and false witnesses. The contrarian truth is therefore philological twice over: one identical surface belongs elsewhere, while the inherited verb itself extends beyond private feeling.
RANK 57GRADE Aranked reveal
The verb disappeared from ordinary English; its prehistoric hater survived as fiend.
Old English fēogan meant hate or persecute and had a productive paradigm including feógende. The Germanic active-participial formation had already lexicalized as an enemy noun before the recorded branches. English therefore preserves the family most visibly not in its ordinary verb hate, but in fēond and modern fiend.
RANK 75GRADE Aranked reveal
The anatomical avocado story is both true and overstated.
Nahuatl āhuacatl is historically recorded with fruit and testicle senses. That establishes polysemy—not which sense named the other.
RANK 134GRADE Acontrarian claim
Feign once included making, not only pretending.
Middle English feynen could mean make, fabricate, or make a likeness as well as dissemble or pretend, continuing the fingere shaping family.
RANK 164GRADE Aranked reveal
The bed word is Indigenous Caribbean—and its English look-alike is unrelated.
Hammock came through Spanish hamaca from Taíno hamaca. The southern U.S. terrain noun has a separate etymology.
RANK 166GRADE Aranked reveal
Conscience was not always only the moral judge.
The word's recorded family also includes consciousness and awareness. Moral self-judgment became central inside a wider history of knowing.
RANK 191GRADE Acontrarian claim
Legal is not descended from English law.
The meanings meet; the family trees do not. legal is Latin, while law is Germanic and Scandinavian.
041
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
056
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s NOSOCOMIUM entry uses Hospital for an institution where poor sick people are attended and, if possible, cured.
hospital / hospital / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Argenteus, John 15:24
fijan / fijan / early 6th-century witness, source-reported
Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventorywitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Argenteus, John 15:25
fijan / fijan / early 6th-century witness, source-reported
Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventorywitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Argenteus, Luke 19:14
fijan / fijan / early 6th-century witness, source-reported
Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventorywitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
feign / feign / 13th century first known use
Feign — Definition, Word History, and First Known Usewitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexicographic first-use record for the suspended-bed sense of hammock
hammock / hammock / 1626
Hammock — Word Historyreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.