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6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONS

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THE GRAPH.

Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.

WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT

Imported dictionary evidence

SOURCE-IMPORTED · UNREVIEWED

These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.

35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset

PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL

10 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Bar”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.

Open the permanent entry for Bar →Open the permanent entry for bar →
BarEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
BarEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
BarEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text
BarEnglish (en) · Etymology 5Source text
barEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text

Etymology tree Vulgar Latin *barra Old French barrebor. Middle English barre English bar From Middle English barre, from Old French barre (“beam, bar, gate, barrier”), from Vulgar Latin *barra, of uncertain origin. Doublet of barre.

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
barEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text

From Middle English barren, from Old French barrer, from Medieval Latin barrare (“to bar”), from the noun. Cognate to Occitan barrar, Spanish barrar, Portuguese barrar. Preposition properly imperative of the verb. Compare barring.

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
barEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text

From Middle English barren, from Old French barrer, from Medieval Latin barrare (“to bar”), from the noun. Cognate to Occitan barrar, Spanish barrar, Portuguese barrar. Preposition properly imperative of the verb. Compare barring.

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
barEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βάρος (báros, “weight”), as a variant of earlier barye and barad. First attested as sense 2 by suggestion of Theodore William Richards in 1903, while sense 1 was proposed by Vilhelm Bjerknes, who first published about it in 1906 as German Bar, see there for more.

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
barEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text

From foobar, a phonetic respelling of FUBAR.

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
barEnglish (en) · Etymology 5Source text

From Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Extraction source · CC-BY-SA-4.0. Selected source text is reformatted for display; language and section identity are retained.

Source dump: 2026-10-01 · Extraction: 2026-10-30. These dates identify a dump snapshot, not an individual page revision.

Snapshot checksums and coverage
SOURCE SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
CORPUS SHA-256
c4c2a77325141846709230e11c2959332acd630d53e52905b72d36211251b081
IMPORT RUN
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
SUBSET SELECTION
English-only: shortest normalized query first, then binary lexical order; complete word-language and case-variant groups only. This is a bounded online subset, not the full acquired corpus.

INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY

More sources for this spelling

These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.

Mayhew–Skeat (1888)

1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024
Browse the independently attributed sources →
20REVIEWED RESULTS
4WORD DOSSIERS
2HISTORICAL NODES
2SOURCES
5CLAIMS
7WITNESSES
01

MODERN ENTRY POINTS

WORD DOSSIERS

4
02

ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY

HISTORICAL FORMS

2
03

WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED

CLAIMS & DISPUTES

5

SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 3

resolvedprobableposition text

Does the contrast miscais prove that bare cais originally meant love?

No. The contrast is evidence that some contexts oppose the forms, but prefixal morphology and a translated contrast do not by themselves recover the oldest sense of bare cais.

resolvedestablishedposition text

Is the Devil the central current meaning of fiende?

No. SO defines an opponent prepared to harm a counterpart and supplies ordinary, military, figurative, and natural-enemy uses. SAOB marks the older Devil use as barely current by 1924.

resolvedestablishedposition text

Is regular unrelated to a physical ruler?

No. Its Late Latin adjective descends from rēgula, whose older semantic range includes a bar, rod, or straightedge.

CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 2

RANK 155GRADE Aranked reveal

Regular is measured order.

Late Latin rēgulāris grows from rēgula, the straight bar or rule. Ordinary, scheduled, and normal are later abstractions from conformity to a rule.

RANK 175GRADE Aranked reveal

Algebra named restoration before it named symbols.

Arabic al-jabr was an operation of restoring or completing an equation—and also had a real bone-setting history.

04

BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES

SOURCES

2
05

FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS

ATTESTATION WITNESSES

7
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book

The CHIMES entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses calculate in instructions about clock-chime numbers.

calculate / calculate / 1704

Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

John Trevisa’s translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus as indexed by the Middle English Dictionary

-logie / -logy / before 1398 source-reported Middle English quotation

Middle English Dictionary: etimologie n.reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Seventeenth-century hidden-enemy proverb

fiende / fiende / 1665

Svenska Akademiens ordbok — FIENDEwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Codex Ambrosianus A corpus record, Ephesians 2:3

hatis / hatis / Gothic manuscript corpus, date not normalized

Gothic Bible word analysis — Ephesians 2:3, hatize and hatiswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Ephesians 2:3

hatis / hatis / Gothic manuscript corpus, date not normalized

Gothic Bible word analysis — Ephesians 2:3, hatize and hatiswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Old High German Tatian, weeds parable

fīant / fīant / ninth-century Old High German Tatian; edited text

Tatian: Lateinisch und altdeutsch mit ausführlichem Glossar, 2nd ed. — section 72, p. 96witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record

Passio Bartholomaei gloss, past participle

fīēn / fīēn / eighth- or ninth-century Alemannic gloss; source-reported

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîênreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗
06

SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF

EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.

Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.