*SET-U

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6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONS

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THE GRAPH.

Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.

WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT

Imported dictionary evidence

SOURCE-IMPORTED · UNREVIEWED

These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.

35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset

PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL

6 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Set”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.

Open the permanent entry for Set →Open the permanent entry for set →
SetEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text

Borrowed from Coptic ⲥⲏⲧ (sēt), from Egyptian s-t:X (stẖ).

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
setEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *sed- Proto-Indo-European *-yeti Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti Proto-Indo-European *sodéyeti Proto-Germanic *satjaną Proto-West Germanic *sattjan Old English settan Middle English setten English set From Middle English setten, from Old English settan, from Proto-West Germanic *sattjan, from Proto-Germanic *satjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sodéyeti, causative of *sed- (“to sit”). Cognate with Dutch zetten, German setzen, Danish sætte, Norwegian Bokmål sette, Icelandic and Norwegian Nynorsk setja, Swedish sätta, Faroese seta.

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
setEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text

From Middle English set, sette, from Old English set (“seat, place of residence, camp, settlement, entrenchment, stable, pen”), from Proto-West Germanic *set (“seat”), from Proto-Germanic *setą (“seat”).

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
setEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text

From Middle English sett, from Old English ġesett, past participle of settan.

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
setEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text

From Middle English set, sete, sette (“that which is set, the act of setting, seat”), from Old English set (“setting, seat, a place where people remain, habitation, camp, entrenchment, a place where animals are kept, stall, fold”) and Old English seten (“a set, shoot, slip, branch; a nursery, plantation; that which is planted or set; a cultivated place; planting, cultivation; a setting, putting; a stopping; occupied land”), related to Old English settan (“to set”). Compare Middle Low German gesette (“a set, suite”), Old English gesetl (“assembly”). According to Skeat, in senses denoting a group of things or persons, representing an alteration of sept, from Old French sette (“a religious sect”), from Medieval Latin secta (“retinue”), from Latin secta (“a faction”). See sect. It is quite possible that the modern word is more of a merger between both, however.

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗
setEnglish (en) · Etymology 5Source text

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. )

Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗

From Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Extraction source · CC-BY-SA-4.0. Selected source text is reformatted for display; language and section identity are retained.

Source dump: 2026-10-01 · Extraction: 2026-10-30. These dates identify a dump snapshot, not an individual page revision.

Snapshot checksums and coverage
SOURCE SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
CORPUS SHA-256
c4c2a77325141846709230e11c2959332acd630d53e52905b72d36211251b081
IMPORT RUN
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
SUBSET SELECTION
English-only: shortest normalized query first, then binary lexical order; complete word-language and case-variant groups only. This is a bounded online subset, not the full acquired corpus.

INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY

More sources for this spelling

These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.

Browse the independently attributed sources →
50REVIEWED RESULTS
12WORD DOSSIERS
12HISTORICAL NODES
1SOURCES
24CLAIMS
1WITNESSES
01

MODERN ENTRY POINTS

WORD DOSSIERS

12
adjectivehistorical-form prefix

etymological

Of, relating to, or based on etymology; an Early Modern English adjective whose exact formation is described differently by major historical dictionaries.

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nounhistorical-form prefix

etymologist

A specialist in etymology; an English agent noun formed on etymology with -ist.

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verbhistorical-form prefix

etymologize

To discover, formulate, state, or study etymologies; an English verb formed from etymology with -ize.

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nounhistorical-form prefix

etymology

The study of the true or original sense of a word—and of the changes that made it what it is.

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nounhistorical-form prefix

etymon

A technical English noun for an earlier source form, a foreign donor, or a base used in composition or derivation.

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nounhistorical-form prefix

étymologie

The French word for the study or historical explanation of word origins, attested in medieval forms long before its modern scientific scope stabilized.

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adjectivehistorical-form prefix

étymologique

A French adjective meaning either related to etymology or conforming to a word’s origin, borrowed from Latin etymologicus.

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nounhistorical-form prefix

étymon

A French linguistic term for an attested or reconstructed form used to explain the historical development of one or more words.

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adjective · adverbhistorical-form prefix

ստոյգ

The classical Armenian word for true, certain, real, or genuine, compared by Indo-European etymologists with the Greek true-word family.

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adjectivehistorical-form prefix

ἐτήτυμος

A poetic Ancient Greek adjective meaning true, described by LSJ as a reduplicated formation beside ἔτυμος.

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adjective · adverbhistorical-form prefix

ἐτεός

A Homeric Greek true-word related to ἔτυμος and ἐτήτυμος, with a proposed prehistory in *set-eu-o- and *set-u-.

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adjective · later substantivized neuterhistorical-form prefix

ἔτυμος

An Ancient Greek adjective meaning true, real, or actual; its neuter later supplied a technical noun for a word’s true sense according to its origin.

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02

ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY

HISTORICAL FORMS

12
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European

*set-eu-o-

having or containing true order; real

DATE
Proto-Indo-European adjectival formation, proposed
MATCH
historical-form prefix
DOSSIERS
1
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European

*set-u-

true; real; in true order

DATE
prehistoric
MATCH
historical-form prefix
DOSSIERS
12
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European

*setu-mo-

true, real

DATE
Proto-Indo-European formation, proposed
MATCH
historical-form prefix
DOSSIERS
7
*
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European

*lagam

a laying down; what is fixed or set

DATE
Proto-Germanic prehistory
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
1
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European

*legh-

to lie, recline, lay, or set down

DATE
Indo-European prehistory
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
2
●
Medieval Latin / Indo-European

algebra

restoration; bone-setting; the mathematical art

DATE
12th–16th centuries
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
1
●
Latin / Indo-European

dīrigere

set straight, direct, guide

DATE
Latin
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
1
●
Early New High German / Indo-European

hetzen / hessen / hittzen

hunt with dogs; drive; set people against one another

DATE
Early New High German
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
1
●
Classical Arabic / Afro-Asiatic

jabara

to restore, reunite, set or mend

DATE
Classical Arabic
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
1
●
Hawaiian / Austronesian

kapu

prohibited, forbidden, sacred, consecrated, or set apart

DATE
Hawaiian record–today
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
1
●
Present-Day English / Indo-European

lay

to put, place, or set down

DATE
Middle English continuation–today
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
1
●
Old English / Indo-European

lecgan

to lay, put, place, or set down

DATE
Old English
MATCH
gloss
DOSSIERS
1
03

WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED

CLAIMS & DISPUTES

24

SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12

openproposedposition text

Are the opposite readings one polysemous word, merged historical homonyms, or a lexicographic convenience?

eDIL groups them in one headword but does not, by that editorial act alone, settle the full historical relationship among every love and hate occurrence.

openproposedposition text

Is *kad-t/si- from *kad- the only defensible deeper analysis?

No. It is a published proposal, not an attested sequence, and the wider cross-branch set remains semantically disputed.

openproposedposition text

Does cais securely prove cognacy with the Germanic hate family?

No. The Celtic–Germanic comparison is serious enough to display, but the graph keeps it as a context link rather than a genealogical edge because formal and semantic acceptance remain unsettled.

openprobableposition text

Was emotion first used in the 1570s or exactly 1579?

Etymonline gives the decade; Merriam-Webster gives 1579. These are compatible levels of precision, not proof of one first utterance.

openprobableposition text

How broadly distributed is *ghos-ti-?

The reconstruction is supported by Germanic, Italic, and Slavic evidence but is limited to a western set of Indo-European branches.

openprobableposition text

Do the written endings alone settle the participles’ case and gender?

No. Project Wulfila gives masculine or neuter genitive plural for hatandane and masculine nominative or accusative plural for hatandans. The clauses resolve the contextual readings through syntax and Greek alignment, but the surface forms remain formally syncretic.

openproposedposition text

Was hatan inherited unchanged from Proto-Germanic?

Possibly, not securely. Orel publishes *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan behind a Germanic cognate set. Sturtevant instead judges a specifically Gothic secondary origin more probable, and Braune records fluctuation with hatjan.

openproposedposition text

Did hate originally mean pursuit or persecution?

The Germanic action evidence makes pursuit or persecution a serious proposal, not a settled origin. Beowulf, hettan, German hetzen, and Hati support the comparison, but the full deep family remains murky.

openproposedposition text

Was the formation a causative “make hate” or an action verb “make pursue”?

Both descriptions occur, and their priority is not settled here. Duden analyzes a causative to hassen; Orel derives *xatjanan from the hate noun; Bailey and the medieval record foreground chase or persecution.

openestablishedposition text

Does Köbler's headword cross-reference to hatōn settle the ancestry?

No. “See hatōn” is a lexical cross-reference; the same entry's E field supplies the distinct *hwōtja- etymology. Cross-reference, semantic neighborhood, and parent edge are separate claim types.

CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12

RANK 8GRADE Aranked reveal

Etymology calls itself the “true account.”

Greek ἔτυμος “true, real” joined -λογία “account or study”; even that truth-word reaches a reconstructed root.

RANK 28GRADE Aranked reveal

German hostile agitation still carries a hound’s chase.

The medieval verb drives dogs after quarry. The same directed-force construction is soon applied to people: Middle High German records set people against one another, and Early New High German polemic sets rulers against Christians. Modern political hetzen is therefore not merely “hate” verbalized; it inherits a grammar of making another actor pursue, pressure, or attack.

RANK 59GRADE A-ranked reveal

Old Norse hatr has a 54-to-1 grammar problem.

The University of Copenhagen’s Dictionary of Old Norse Prose separates a 54-citation neuter noun from a one-citation masculine analysis—and flags the lone masculine assignment as possibly an elementary error. A directly inspected c.1150-1200 manuscript visibly preserves Hatr, but a visible token cannot settle gender by itself. The reveal is not that Old Norse had two equally secure hate nouns; it is that rigorous lexicography preserves the fracture instead of hiding it.

RANK 61GRADE Acontrarian claim

Its most famous behavior is not universal—and even its exact donor language is unsettled.

Many hunting and fighting boomerangs do not return. Dharug and Dharawal sources have been proposed, while ANU keeps the exact language unresolved.

RANK 74GRADE Aranked reveal

Lay and law are cousins; the other lays are strangers.

The set-down verb and law meet at *legh-. Lay the poem and lay meaning non-clerical arrived through different French, Latin, and Greek histories.

RANK 80GRADE Aranked reveal

“True” is not yet “etymology.”

Greek ἔτυμος meant true, real, or actual. A neuter technical noun and then the compound ἐτυμολογία had to turn truth into an inquiry about words.

RANK 81GRADE Aranked reveal

The etymon is not always the root of the root.

In technical use an etymon may be an earlier form, a foreign loan source, or a derivational word or morpheme—not necessarily the deepest reachable ancestor.

RANK 82GRADE Aranked reveal

The word existed before the science it now names.

French records reach c. 1175, but CNRTL dates the generalized inquiry into word origins to 1756 and an explicit science definition to 1836.

RANK 83GRADE Aranked reveal

The longer ancient word is not the deeper root.

LSJ calls ἐτήτυμος a poetic reduplication beside ἔτυμος. Extra syllables can be expressive morphology rather than archaeological depth.

RANK 84GRADE Aranked reveal

Even the source-form can wear an asterisk.

French lexicography defines an étymon as attested or reconstructed/hypothetical. The unit used to explain a word’s history is not automatically a surviving word.

RANK 85GRADE Aranked reveal

“Etymological” did not first mean scientific.

The earliest source-reported French use around 1550 describes names that reveal their “true sense.” The modern adjective’s relation-to-a-discipline sense arrived over a much older truth-seeking metaphor.

RANK 86GRADE Aranked reveal

Origin does not get the last word.

Calling something “etymological” describes its historical analysis; it does not make an obsolete sense more correct than a word’s established current meaning.

04

BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES

SOURCES

1
05

FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS

ATTESTATION WITNESSES

1
06

SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF

EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.

Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.