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THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Inter”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
InterEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Borrowed from Italian, Spanish, and German Inter. Also seen as a clipping of international.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗interEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
From Middle English enteren, borrowed from Old French enterrer, enterer, from Vulgar Latin *interrāre (“to put in earth”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →019
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nouncontrarian claim
candidate
A person seeking selection or office; ultimately the Roman office-seeker dressed in a bright white toga.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb · nounhistorical form
checkmate
An inescapable chess defeat and, figuratively, complete thwarting; a compound transmitted through French, Arabic, and Persian chess language.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb and adjectivedossier summary
direct
To guide, aim, command, or proceed without deviation or intermediary; continuing Latin dīrēctus and dīrigere through distinct medieval channels.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English verbdossier summary
fēogan
An Old English verb meaning hate or persecute, recorded as FEÓGAN, feógean, fiógan, contracted feón and fión, with participle feógende and a broad present-and-past paradigm. Bosworth–Toller supplies examples whose objects include crimes, evil ways, law, peace, a temple, friends, and people. The verb continues reconstructed Proto-Germanic *fi(j)ēn-. Its active-participial formation lexicalized prehistorically as the enemy noun behind Old English fēond and modern fiend, but the verb, participle, and noun are not one interchangeable category.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old High German weak verbdossier summary
fīēn
Old High German fīēn—printed fîên in the Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch—was a weak verb meaning to hate, not love, be hostile to, detest, or reject. The official dictionary says it is attested only in Alemannic manuscripts of the eighth and ninth centuries, then inventories an infinitive fien, present participle fiendi, second-person singular preterite fietos, and accusative plural masculine past participle fieta. Three rule-text records concern hating discipline, one’s own will, or no person; gloss records align the participial forms with Latin exosus or exosos; and an Esther gloss aligns fien with detestari. These are source-reported edition and dictionary records, not directly inspected manuscript objects, and the broad manuscript horizon does not identify one exact first token. A separate twelfth-century article printed fien [sic] with the gloss ubere is explicitly left uninterpreted by the dictionary and is not merged into this hate verb. Beside the verb, Old High German had the already lexicalized enemy noun fīant, whose old participial character could still shine through in fixed phrases. The graph therefore shows a living daughter verb beside a grammatical fossil without pretending that either attested form is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic word itself. No historical sound recording exists and the dossier does not display a fabricated phonetic certainty.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
kayık
The Turkish word for a small boat, continued from Old Turkic kayguk and analyzed within an internal Turkic history rather than the Inuit qayaq family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
poncho
An English borrowing from American Spanish whose deeper source remains disputed between Mapuche evidence and a Spanish-internal analysis.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivedossier summary
regular
Conforming to a rule, pattern, order, or interval; borrowed through French from Late Latin rēgulāris.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
sauna
The English name of a Finnish steam bath, borrowed from Finnish sauna; its deeper Finnic history is secure enough to reconstruct, while a proposed ancient Germanic source remains actively qualified.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗022
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
0317
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest *peh₁- route established?
No. The Germanic verb and lexicalized agent formation are firmer than the proposed Indo-European comparison, whose formal intermediates and semantic unity remain reconstructive.
openprobableposition text
How was English etymological formed?
Merriam-Webster analyzes etymologic from Latin etymologicus and etymological as etymologic + -al; Etymonline analyzes etymology + -ical.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest *peh₁- route established?
No. The Germanic verb and lexicalized agent formation are firmer than the proposed Indo-European comparison, whose formal intermediates and semantic unity remain reconstructive.
openproposedposition text
Does fijan securely descend from *peh₁-?
Only as a proposal. The Germanic *fi(j)ēn- comparison is stronger than the deeper route; the exact intermediate morphology and semantic unity of harm, blame, suffering, and hate remain reconstructive.
openprobableposition text
Are fijan and hatan perfect synonyms?
They overlap, but the surviving corpus does not prove identity. In Luke 1 fijandam supplies enemies and hatandane those hating; in Luke 6 hatandans supplies enemies and fijandam those hating. Sturtevant uses their association in a formal argument without proving interchangeable semantics everywhere.
openproposedposition text
Does *fi(j)and- securely descend from *peh₁-?
Only through the proposed deeper analysis of its Germanic verb base. The lexicalized participle-to-verb relation is stronger than the Indo-European route, whose intermediate morphology and semantic unity remain reconstructive.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest *peh₁- route established?
No. The Germanic verb comparison is firmer than the proposed Indo-European analysis, whose formal intermediates and semantic unity remain reconstructive.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest *peh₁- route established?
No. The Germanic verb and lexicalized agent formation are firmer than the proposed Indo-European comparison, whose formal intermediates and semantic unity remain reconstructive.
openestablishedposition text
Is the separate twelfth-century fien [sic] ubere record this hate verb?
Unknown, and it is not merged here. AWB places it in a separate article and says it is not interpreted.
openprobableposition text
Does intelligence literally mean “choosing between”?
The Latin form is traditionally analyzed through inter- and legere, and selection or discernment informs the semantic history. A literal gloss is not a complete account of cognition.
openproposedposition text
What did Proto-Germanic *kuninga- originally designate?
The kin-base derivation is secure in the reviewed sources, but its exact social interpretation is not. EWA gives a member of a noble lineage; Meli proposes one who brings distinction to his lineage. “Leader of the kin” is not a neutral translation of either analysis.
openproposedposition text
Is Proto-Germanic *lagojanan an attested form?
No. It is a reconstruction printed by Etymonline; comparative evidence supports the family, while exact notation and intermediate morphology remain analytical.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 5
RANK 32GRADE Aranked reveal
Enemy is a fossilized hater—but 21 Gothic tokens still refuse to choose.
Project Wulfila lists 42 candidates under fijan and 26 under the enemy noun fijands. Their intersection is exactly 21 surface tokens. Ayora Estevan explains the collision: *fi(j)and- had lexicalized as enemy before Gothic, while Gothic still possessed the productive present participle one who hates. Case and syntax resolve some passages; the remaining 21 stay public as noun-versus-participle ambiguity.
RANK 58GRADE A-ranked reveal
Medieval Hass could be friendly competition.
Grimm’s DWB quotes Erec 2059: riders pursue a hawking contest, friuntlîchen striten, and share a bescheiden haʒ. The dictionary interprets this as rivalry in pursuing a goal. Modern Duden instead centers intense aversion and hostility. The contrast reveals a real historical side meaning without claiming that every medieval use was friendly or that Liebe and Hass share ancestry.
RANK 63GRADE Aranked reveal
Its root is deeper than the English stereotype.
English tipi continues Dakota thípi, built on “dwell,” and the root compares through two intermediate reconstructions to Proto-Siouan *ahtí•.
RANK 209GRADE A−ranked reveal
Intellect belongs to the gather-and-select family.
Latin morphology connects understanding with inter- and legere, the gather, select, and read family—but the historical pieces are not a complete theory of cognition.
RANK 214GRADE A−ranked reveal
Intelligence belongs to the gather-and-select family.
Latin morphology links discernment to inter- plus legere—but the root is not a theory of mind.
047
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary75 CLAIM LINKS
Altsächsisches Wörterbuch — hatōn and hėttiand
Gerhard Köbler / 2014
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary10 CLAIM LINKS
Die gotische Bibel — Wörterbuch entry hatis
Wilhelm Streitberg / 1910
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary9 CLAIM LINKS
Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch — extracted entry hatia
Dietrich Hofmann · Anne Tjerk Popkema / 2008
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly article5 CLAIM LINKS
A Note on the Word “Shaman” in Old Turkic
Peter Zieme / 2008
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly essay4 CLAIM LINKS
La universalidad del español: encuentros y contactos lingüísticos
Fernando Iwasaki / 2023
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary2 CLAIM LINKS
Die gotische Bibel — Wörterbuch entries fijan, fian, and fijands
Wilhelm Streitberg / 1910
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary1 CLAIM LINKS
Die gotische Bibel — Wörterbuch entry hatan
Wilhelm Streitberg / 1910
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗052
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
exhume / exhume / 15th century first known use
Exhume — Definition, Word History, and First Known Usewitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old High German Tatian, Devil interpretation
fīant / fīant / Old High German Tatian; source-reported
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîant, fîjantreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.