GRAPH-WIDE SEARCH
MEASURE THE GRAPH ↗NOT JUST A DICTIONARY LOOKUP
6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONSSEARCH
THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL6 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Bo”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
BoEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Either borrowed from modern Danish Bo or Swedish Bo, or a spelling variant of the male given name Beau.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗boEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
boEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Probably a shortening of boy.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗boEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
From Japanese 棒 (bō), from Middle Chinese 棒 (baewng^X, “staff, club”) (compare modern Chinese 棒 (bàng)).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗boEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text
From Hokkien 無 /无 (bô).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗boEnglish (en) · Etymology 5Source text
Initialism of best of.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
noun · verbheadword prefix
boomerang
An Aboriginal Australian borrowing recorded in English by 1824. Dharug and Dharawal forms have been proposed, but the Australian National Dictionary Centre says the exact source language remains uncertain.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
boy
A male child or young man; Middle English also used the word for a male servant or churl, and its origin remains disputed.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical-form prefix
husband
A married man in relation to a spouse; borrowed from a Norse compound whose earlier center was householder or master of a house.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun combining formcontrarian claim
-logy
A bound English word element used in formations involving discourse or expression and in names of doctrines, theories, sciences, and fields of study.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine nouncontrarian claim
Feind
The modern German noun for a personal, political, military, or ideological enemy or opponent. Duden derives it through Middle High German vīnt or vīant and Old High German fīand, literally the hating one; DWDS dates Old High German fīant and fījant to the eighth century and identifies the Germanic ancestor as a petrified substantivized present participle. Grimm’s dictionary independently compares Gothic fijands, Old English fēond, English fiend, Dutch vijand, and Nordic forms, while warning that its own still-deeper foam hypothesis required confirmation. The reviewed route therefore follows the inherited enemy noun to reconstructed *fi(j)and- and *fi(j)ēn-, then treats *peh₁- as proposed and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine noundossier summary
Freund
German Freund continues Middle High German vriunt and Old High German friunt. DWDS/Pfeifer, Duden, and Grimm independently analyze the inherited Germanic formation as a substantivized present participle of the verb represented by Gothic frijōn and Old English frēogan: historically a loving or favorably disposed one. The record is semantically wider than a modern close companion: the historical dictionaries also document neighbor, relative, lover, ally, supporter, patron, address, and euphemistic uses. The graph joins the High German line to the same reviewed *frijōnd- and *frī- nodes as English friend, keeps *prī- proposed, and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
aguacate
The Spanish word for the avocado tree and fruit, borrowed from Nahuatl āhuacatl, whose historical records include both fruit and testicle senses.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
algebra
A mathematical discipline whose English name travels through Medieval Latin from Arabic al-jabr, restoration or completion.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
alpaca
An English animal and fiber word borrowed through Spanish from Aymara allpaqa / allphaqa.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
avocado
An English reshaping of Spanish aguacate from Nahuatl āhuacatl, a word documented with both avocado and testicle senses.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
bayou
English bayou, recorded by 1763, came from Louisiana French bayouque. An early Choctaw *bayok is a plausible proposed source, but the historical form and its alleged contraction to modern bók are not securely attested.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
bride
A woman about to be or recently married; inherited from Old English brȳd and directly preserved inside bridegroom.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*bōwan
to dwell; live
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
boi
male servant; churl; young male
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
boomerang
an Aboriginal Australian throwing club; later, something that recoils on its originator
- DATE
- 1824–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Dharawal / Pama-Nyungan
bou-mar-rang
returning boomerang; proposed source candidate
- DATE
- Dharawal source candidate
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Present-Day English / Indo-European
boy
male child; young man
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
bōia
collar or yoke used to restrain criminals
- DATE
- Latin
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old Norse / Indo-European
bōndi
householder; dweller
- DATE
- Old Norse
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
βοεία (δορά)
boeía (dorá)ox hide
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
βοῦς
boûsox; bull; cow
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*ghos-pot-
guest-master; person embodying a reciprocal hospitality relationship
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European prehistory
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 6
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*gn̥ə-t-
born or produced; a birth-, nature-, or kind-forming derivative
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed zero grade
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Turkic / Turkic
*kad- / *kad-ï
fir tree; reconstructed base proposed in the boat-word history
- DATE
- Proto-Turkic analysis
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedword prefix
Which Aboriginal language supplied boomerang?
Dharug bumarin and a Dharawal bou-mar-rang form are published candidates, but the Australian National Dictionary Centre says the exact source language remains uncertain.
openproposedword prefix
Does boy securely descend from a word for ox hide?
No. American Heritage offers a possible chain through a fettered person, fetter, Latin restraint collar, and Greek ox hide; Oxford labels the origin unknown.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Did boy begin as the ordinary word for a male child?
Not exclusively. American Heritage records Middle English boi as male servant, churl, and young male.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest root *leǵ- or *sleǵ-?
The traditional *leǵ- reconstruction remains widely represented, while published scholarship argues that the gather or collect root began with *s. The graph preserves both analyses.
openboundaryposition text
Can aguacate be securely pushed deeper than āhuacatl?
Not from the reviewed sources. The institutional dictionaries reach the Nahuatl word and its historical witnesses but do not establish a deeper lexical ancestor.
openprobableposition text
Does the English record begin in the 13th or 14th century?
The reviewed reports differ. Etymonline gives an early-thirteenth-century algorism; Merriam-Webster gives a fourteenth-century first-known-use horizon.
openprobableposition text
Did English algorism arrive through French or directly from Medieval Latin?
The sources preserve both channels. Merriam-Webster names Middle French and Medieval Latin; Etymonline emphasizes Old French from Medieval Latin.
openprobableposition text
Does the English record begin in the 13th or 15th century?
The reviewed source reports differ. Etymonline gives mid-thirteenth-century arsmetike; Merriam-Webster gives a fifteenth-century first-known-use horizon.
openproposedposition text
Is Choctaw bayuk a securely attested source of bayou?
No. An early Choctaw *bayok is plausible and accepted in a major handbook, but later bayuk is not securely attested and contraction to bók was conjectural.
openproposedposition text
Did love develop into hate, hate into love, or both from another meaning?
No reviewed source establishes one direction. The citations show an opposition; they do not date a semantic transition.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest brightness root *kand- or *(s)kend-?
The graph preserves both published analyses. The newer Merriam-Webster route uses *(s)kend- and explains candēre through a zero-grade stative formation; the prior *kand- route remains proposed.
openprobableposition text
Did English borrow candor only through French?
French candeur is a published route, while Merriam-Webster describes the English borrowing as French and Latin. Direct learned Latin influence therefore remains visible.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 61GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Its most famous behavior is not universal—and even its exact donor language is unsettled.
Many hunting and fighting boomerangs do not return. Dharug and Dharawal sources have been proposed, while ANU keeps the exact language unresolved.
RANK 202GRADE Branked-word prefix
Boy may reach ox—but only through a disputed trail.
One proposal runs from a fettered person through a shackle, restraint collar, ox hide, and ox; another major reference says the origin is unknown.
RANK 1GRADE Acontrarian claim
A stranger became both guest and enemy.
The reciprocal outsider behind guest and host also became Latin hostis, “enemy.”
RANK 3GRADE Acontrarian claim
Robot named forced labor before machinery.
The machine word begins in Czech robota: compulsory labor, corvée, or drudgery.
RANK 5GRADE Aranked reveal
Calculation began with a pebble in the hand.
Latin calculus was a small stone used for reckoning before calculation became abstract.
RANK 10GRADE Acontrarian claim
Andean neighbors need not be linguistic cousins.
Alpaca comes from Aymara while llama comes from Quechua: the words travel through Spanish from different families.
RANK 17GRADE Aranked reveal
-logy never simply meant “the study of.”
The bound form’s recorded range includes expression and discourse as well as doctrine, theory, science, and study. Its trail reaches Greek logos—word, speech, account, reckoning, reason—rather than a prehistoric word meaning “science.”
RANK 19GRADE Aranked reveal
The x of rēx is a whole nominative sound change in one letter.
Latin starts from the bound stem rēg-, adds nominative -s, devoices g to k, and writes the resulting /ks/ as x. Genitive rēgis makes the stem visible—but it is a sibling case form, not an ancestor.
RANK 26GRADE Aranked reveal
Old English hated vices and deeds as well as people.
Bosworth–Toller’s Pastoral Care examples make conduct grammatical: rulers hate their subjects’ vices, and the text distinguishes loving what enemies are from hating what they do. The historical verb therefore records directed moral and hostile judgment, not only an inward emotion label.
RANK 27GRADE Aranked reveal
The Old English verb survives most visibly as an enemy.
The located weak-verb corpus inventory gives hettan only one form: hettende. Bosworth–Toller records that surface family repeatedly under hettend, “enemy” or “antagonist,” including Genesis and the Phoenix. The verb is therefore not a neat recovered paradigm; it is a lemma inferred at the edge between action, agent, and lexicalized foe.
RANK 30GRADE Aranked reveal
Gothic hatis—the noun related to English hate—survives chiefly as wrath, including the wrath to come and the wrath of God.
Project Wulfila reports fifteen tokens in hatis, hatiza, and hatize. Fourteen are biblical; Streitberg maps the family chiefly to Greek orgē, gives Galatians 5:20 thumos, and flags Ephesians 4:31 because both stand together. Codex Argenteus folio 129r directly preserves hatiza in “the wrath to come.” Even the paradigm resists simplification: synchronic neuter a-stem, historically an i-stem remodeled into it.
RANK 31GRADE Aranked reveal
Gothic’s two hate verbs trade places across two passages.
The complete surviving hatan corpus contains only hatandane in Luke 1:71 and hatandans in Luke 6:27. In Luke 1, fijandam supplies enemies while hatandane supplies those hating; in Luke 6, hatandans supplies enemies while fijandam supplies those hating. Both Codex Argenteus pages are directly inspected. The lexical swap—and the class-III versus class-I dispute—cannot be represented by one timeless translation arrow.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary35 CLAIM LINKS
Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — FEÓGAN
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichý / 2014
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary26 CLAIM LINKS
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — feónd
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichy / 2014
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary19 CLAIM LINKS
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — freónd
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichy / 2014
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary13 CLAIM LINKS
HETTAN; HETTEND — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary H
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Jonathan Slocum / 1898
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary12 CLAIM LINKS
HATIAN — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary H
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Jonathan Slocum / 1898
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary12 CLAIM LINKS
HETE — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichý / 2014
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary7 CLAIM LINKS
Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — feón, to hate
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichý / 2014
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — freón
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichy / 2014
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
BRÝD — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online
Joseph Bosworth, Thomas Northcote Toller, Christ Sean, and Ondřej Tichý / 2014
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly article5 CLAIM LINKS
Sur la préhistoire des noms gaulois en -rīx
Tristano Bolelli and Enrico Campanile / 1972
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗conference paper5 CLAIM LINKS
Türkçe Sözlüklerde Çok Anlamlı Sözlük Birimlerindeki Art Zamanlı Anlam Değişme Olayları ve “Çay” Örneği
Erdoğan Boz / 2012
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary1 CLAIM LINKS
Hláf — Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary online
Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller; digital editors / 2026
citation-key prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexicographic first-use record for boomerang
boomerang / boomerang / 1824
Boomerang — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for boy
boy / boy / 14th century
Boy — Definition, Word History, and First Known Useattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Boethius, friends and foes contrast
fēond / fēond / Old English, source-reported
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — feóndwitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Bodleian Homilies cynde quotation in the Middle English Dictionary
kīnde / kind / circa 1175 quotation reported by the Middle English Dictionary
Kīnde n. — Middle English Dictionarywitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Bosworth-Toller hlāf lexical record
hlāf / loaf / Old English lexical record
Hláf — Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary onlinewitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Bosworth–Toller lexical record for cyning
cyning / king / Old English dictionary record
Cyning — Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionarywitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Bosworth–Toller lexical record for cynn
cynn / kin / Old English dictionary record
Cyn, cynn — Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionarywitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Book of Rudolf
hatia / hatia / text dated 1220-1300; manuscript J dated 1520-1540; source-reported
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in the Book of Rudolfwitness-title prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The CHIMES entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses calculate in instructions about clock-chime numbers.
calculate / calculate / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints MUSCLE as a headword and defines its role in voluntary animal motion.
muscle / muscle / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A passage about the crystalline lens in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses the inflected English form collects while describing how the lens gathers and refracts rays.
collect / collect / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The SYSTEM entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses Science for an organized branch of knowledge when defining a system of philosophy.
science / science / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.