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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Aga”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
AgaEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
Various origins: * Borrowed from Norwegian Aga, a habitational surname of uncertain derivation. * Borrowed from Turkish Ağa, an occupational surname from ağa (“lord; chief, boss”). * Borrowed from Amharic አጋ (ʾäga).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗AGAEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Genericized trademark of AGA AB. Unadapted borrowing from Swedish AGA; an abbreviation of Aktiebolaget Gasaccumulator, meaning "The stock company Gas Accumulator".
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →017
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
verb · nounhistorical form
check
To verify, restrain, mark, or issue a bank draft today; a word whose oldest English history begins with a threatened king in chess.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Norse masculine noundossier summary
fjándi
Old Norse fjándi is a masculine noun whose inherited shape still exposes a prehistoric agent formation. Cleasby and Vigfússon compare Gothic fiands, Old English feond, German Feind, Swedish fiende, and Danish fjende, identify the nd as participial, and gloss the older formation as properly a hater. They then distinguish the ordinary enemy sense from a post-Christian fiend development. The University of Copenhagen Dictionary of Old Norse Prose supplies 222 citations and six semantic zones: enemy or opponent; devil, monster, or demon; evil spirit; pagan god; the Devil or Satan; and a derogatory term for a hated or bewitched person, animal, or object. Lexicon Poeticum independently exposes 49 poetic records, including source-reported tenth-century enemy uses and later Christian fiend uses, while warning that its concordance and dates require checking. The noun therefore does not possess one timeless true meaning: an inherited lexicalized hater became an ordinary enemy word, and the branch later accumulated several demonic and derogatory senses. The displayed pronunciation is an editorial normalized approximation, not recorded historical audio. No underlying manuscript object is claimed as directly inspected in this dossier.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German weak verbhistorical form
hassen
The modern German weak verb for feeling hatred toward a person or for strongly disliking a thing or action. Duden traces it through Middle High German haʒʒen and Old High German haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn and adds that the older verb also meant pursue. Grimm’s DWB makes the semantic contrast explicit: it calls hostile pursuit or persecution the original sense and then describes a later, more muted center in hostile disposition rather than hostile deeds. BMZ and Lexer independently document the Middle High German verb and its literary record. The reviewed ancestry follows the reconstructed Germanic weak-verb alternatives into the *hatiz- family, preserves the qualified *ḱh₂d-es- / *ḱeh₂d- proposal, and then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Norse weak verbdossier summary
hata
Old Norse hata is not only a medieval label for an inward feeling. The Dictionary of Old Norse Prose structures 101 prose citations under four active senses before its participial and reflexive branches: persecute; despise, reject, or cast aside; mock or humiliate; and hate, despise, or stand hostile toward. That ordering is a lexicographic analysis, not a chronology of semantic change. Fritzner independently begins with pursue or seek to destroy, continues through damage or destruction, and only then gives hate opposed to love. Zoëga likewise preserves poetic damage or destruction beside ordinary hate, while Cleasby and Vigfússon record active, reflexive, reciprocal, participial, and disputed poetic uses. Lexicon Poeticum displays eleven linked rows, including variants, damage, destruction, persecution, loathing, haters, and the gold-spending formula, but warns that its concordance has not been reviewed and that dates need checking. A c1200 scan of Holm perg 15 4°, folio 89v, was directly inspected against ONP's diplomatic transcription and visibly preserves hata in the line Elſcaþu hréinlife oc hata engi maɴ. All other rows remain source-reported. The generated possible runic inscriptions on modern dictionary transcriptions are excluded, and no exact historical pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Frisian weak verbdossier summary
hatia
Old Frisian hatia is a weak verb whose lexicographic field extends beyond an inward feeling. Hofmann and Popkema give hate or reject, damage, and a feud-language expression for harming or pursuing someone as an enemy. A May 2026 Corpus Oudfries search for word or lemma hatia returns six records in 235,462 tokens, but those are not six instances of this verb. Buma's critical note on Brokmer B 101 explicitly identifies its written hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h, and Nijdam translates the passage as a poor mother being unable to feed her children. That token is excluded from the hate lineage. The five relevant corpus records occur in legal, road, family, and theological contexts: forms hatijen, hatie, hata, and hatien can concern harming or hindering on a road, a writing or event going against someone, or God hating perjury, lying speech, and false witnesses. The current corpus count is a bounded research surface, not a frequency estimate for medieval speech or a claim about every surviving witness. The underlying manuscripts were not directly inspected for this dossier, no earliest-use claim is made, and no exact historical pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German weak verbcontrarian claim
hetzen
A German weak verb whose modern senses range from driving or hunting quarry, through hurrying, to inciting hostility. The medieval record centers on setting dogs after game and already extends the action to turning people against one another. Comparative sources connect the verb with Old English hettan and Gothic hatjan, but the Old High German bridge and the exact prehistoric formation remain editorially disputed.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbhistorical form
law
A binding rule, body of rules, or regular principle; a Scandinavian loan in Old English whose deepest secure family means lie or lay.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗026
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*lagam
a laying down; what is fixed or set
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic prehistory
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old French / Indo-European
eschac / eschés
chess pieces; a check against the king
- DATE
- Old French period
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old Norse / Indo-European
fjándi
enemy or opponent; devil, demon, evil spirit, pagan god, Satan, or a derogatory hated being or thing
- DATE
- Old Norse poetic and prose record
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle High German / Indo-European
haʒʒen
to hate, dislike, or act against with hostility
- DATE
- Middle High German
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle High German / Indo-European
hetzen / hatzen
drive dogs to hunt; pursue; incite people against someone
- DATE
- Middle High German
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Early New High German / Indo-European
hetzen / hessen / hittzen
hunt with dogs; drive; set people against one another
- DATE
- Early New High German
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0312
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 9
openproposedposition text
Does the Éigse line certainly use cais once for love and once for hatred?
Not certainly. eDIL tentatively translates "mo chais is cais 'na agaid" as "my love ... is met by hatred(?)" and prints a question mark on the second reading.
openproposedposition text
Is *leǵ- the only published deepest root shape?
No. The traditional *leǵ- analysis remains widely represented, while a published *sleǵ- reconstruction challenges the initial consonant and cautions against a simple semantic tale.
resolvedestablishedposition text
How many meanings does the ONP entry distinguish?
Six numbered zones, with additional formulas: enemy or opponent; devil, monster, or demon; evil spirit; pagan god; the Devil or Satan; and a derogatory hated or bewitched being or thing.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Could hata mean persecute?
Yes. ONP's first sense is persecute, and its Páls saga citation aligns er þu hatar with Latin quem tu persequeris. Fritzner gives the same passage under pursue.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Could hata mean reject or despise?
Yes. ONP's second sense includes despise, reject, and cast aside; Ragnars saga uses hata gullinu in that prose structure.
resolvedprobableposition text
Are the remaining five records all semantically identical?
No. They range across road harm or obstruction, writing or events going against a person, family-law adversity, and divine hatred; two Jurisprudentia Frisica passages remain only cautiously glossed.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Were the Munich hatan and hatandiero readings directly inspected?
Yes. Full-resolution MDZ images of Cgm 25 scans 45 and 142 were visually checked against the line-level transcription and dictionary inventory.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was the Munich heti token directly inspected?
Yes. The full-resolution MDZ image of Cgm 25 scan 41 was visually checked against the dictionary and LWL transcription.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does Aeschylus play on more than one κῆδος sense?
Yes according to LSJ: Helen is an object of care in Agamemnon 699 with a play on the marriage-connection sense.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 3
RANK 28GRADE Aranked reveal
German hostile agitation still carries a hound’s chase.
The medieval verb drives dogs after quarry. The same directed-force construction is soon applied to people: Middle High German records set people against one another, and Early New High German polemic sets rulers against Christians. Modern political hetzen is therefore not merely “hate” verbalized; it inherits a grammar of making another actor pursue, pressure, or attack.
RANK 39GRADE Aranked reveal
Old Norse fjándi was an enemy before it was the Devil.
Cleasby and Vigfússon identify the inherited -nd- shape as participial and gloss the older formation as properly a hater. Their first sense is the ordinary enemy; only after the introduction of Christianity does the historical account assign fjándi the fiend branch. ONP then reveals how far the word traveled: 222 citations across enemy, demon, evil spirit, pagan god, Satan, and derogatory uses for hated or bewitched beings and things. The truth is not that every enemy secretly hates. It is that a lexicalized agent noun became an ordinary social category, then accumulated new religious and expressive work.
RANK 183GRADE A−ranked reveal
Law and legal are semantic twins, not direct relatives.
Law comes from Scandinavian “what is laid down”; legal comes from Latin lēx. Only a possible, explicitly uncertain prehistoric route may reconnect them.
045
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
scholarly database13 CLAIM LINKS
Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction, Version 1.1
William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart / 2014
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly book6 CLAIM LINKS
Ubuntu: Curating the Archive
Leonhard Praeg · Siphokazi Magadla, editors / 2014
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical corpus record4 CLAIM LINKS
ONP citation — hata in Ragnars saga loðbrókar 136
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors · Olsen edition / 2023
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexical corpus record3 CLAIM LINKS
ONP citation — hata in Páls saga postula 216
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors · Unger edition / 2023
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly article3 CLAIM LINKS
The Boomerang
Frederick D. McCarthy / 1961
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗057
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Pagan-god semantic branch
fjándi / fjándi / Old Norse prose corpus; source-reported
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — fjándi, masculine nounreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Páls saga postula
hata / hata / AM 645 4° manuscript c1225-1250; source-reported
ONP citation — hata in Páls saga postula 216reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Ragnars saga loðbrókar
hata / hata / NKS 1824 b 4° manuscript c1400-1425; source-reported
ONP citation — hata in Ragnars saga loðbrókar 136reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Éigse citation in eDIL
cais / cais / date not normalized; source-reported
eDIL — 1 cais, noun explained as both love and hatewitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Njáls saga, a kinsman addressed directly
frændi / frændi / manuscript dated circa 1300–1325 by ONP
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine nounreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Andréss saga postula, foster-brother variant
frændi / frændi / Old Norse prose corpus; manuscript date unresolved in ONP record
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine nounreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Rushworth Gospels, relatives rise against one another
frēond / frēond / Old English, source-reported
Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.