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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL4 source sections across 2 headwords matching “sum”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
sumEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Middle English summe, from Old French summe, from Latin summa (“highest point; sum”), from summus (“highest”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗sumEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Borrowed from Kazakh сом (som), Kyrgyz сом (som), Uyghur سوم (som), and Uzbek soʻm, all of which have the core signification “pure”, used in elliptical reference to historical coins of pure gold.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗sumEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text
From Mongolian сум (sum), from Manchu ᠨᡳᡵᡠ (niru, “a large arrow, militia company, district”). Ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *sumun (“arrow”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗SumEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
* As a Chinese surname: ** a pronunciation of 沈, see Shen. ** Also Romanized from 岑 (cén) based on the Cantonese pronunciation, see Cen. ** Variant Romanization of 覃, see Tan, Qin. * As a Cambodian/Khmer surname, from the name ស៊ុំ (sum), possibly from the Chinese above. * As a Slovene and Czech surname Šum, from šum (“noise”) or šum (“waterfall”), compare Shum. * As a Jewish surname, from Polish sum (“catfish”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Lewis’s Elementary Latin Dictionary
1890 American Book Company edition; pinned Perseus XML digitization011
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
021
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
036
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 6
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did friend always mean only an intimate non-relative companion?
No. OED and MED document ally, supporter, patron, relation, lover, address, and other uses beside close companion.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the Heliand persecution context define every use of the noun?
No. Genesis supplies a different grammatical environment, and the Saxon Confession places hetias among confessed wrongs beside malice, envy, and slander. One line cannot define the whole lexeme.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is hogan a generic word for any Indigenous hut?
No. English borrowed Navajo hooghan, and the living word carries a Diné home and house meaning with a specific traditional cultural frame.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is the immediate Latin source a participle or a verb stem?
Merriam-Webster names Late Latin humiliatus, the past participle of humiliare; American Heritage summarizes Late Latin humiliāre, humiliāt-. These are compatible levels of the same formation, not evidence for two unrelated ancestries.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does κῆδος have one simple English definition?
No. LSJ separates care or concern, anxiety and grief, troubles, funeral rites and mourning, an object of care, and connection by marriage.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does Bīrūnī prove tea was already a common Persian drink in the 11th century?
No. The report proves learned awareness and discussion of use in China and Tibet; Iranica says this does not establish broad Persian consumption at that time.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 0
041
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
054
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The e-rara object record and searchable scan locate John Harris's dictionary definition of algorithm.
algorithm / algorithm / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The photographed English title page prints the plural headword in “Rossum's Universal Robots.”
robot / robot / 1923
R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots): A Fantastic Melodramawitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Matthias von Beheim, John 5:16
haʒʒen / hassen / 1343 textual horizon, source-reported
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hassenwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
King Alfred's translation of Augustine, degrees of friendship
frēond / friend / late Old English, source-reported
Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗06
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