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Lewis’s Elementary Latin Dictionary

sum

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ES-; FEV-

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n15869

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sum (2d pers. es, or old ēs; old subj praes. siem, siēs, siet, sient, for sim, etc., T.; fuat for sit, T., V., L.; imperf. often forem, forēs, foret, forent, for essem, etc.; fut. escunt for erunt, C.), fuī (fūvimus for fuimus, Enn. ap. C.), futūrus (inf fut. fore or futūrum esse, C.), esse Source etymology: ES-; FEV- . — I. As a predicate, asserting existence, to be, exist, live : ut id aut esse dicamus aut non esse: flumen est Arar, quod, etc., Cs.: homo nequissimus omnium qui sunt, qui fuerunt: arbitrari, me nusquam aut nullum fore: fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium, V.—Of place, to be, be present, be found, stay, live : cum non liceret Romae quemquam esse: cum essemus in castris: deinceps in lege est, ut, etc.: erat nemo, quicum essem libentius quam tecum: sub uno tecto esse, L.—Of circumstances or condition, to be, be found, be situated, be placed : Sive erit in Tyriis, Tyrios laudabis amictūs, i. e. is attired , O.: in servitute: in magno nomine et gloriā: in vitio: Hic in noxiāst, T.: in pace, L.: (statua) est et fuit totā Graeciā summo honore: ego sum spe bonā: rem illam suo periculo esse, at his own risk : omnem reliquam spem in impetu esse equitum, L.—In 3 d pers ., followed by a pron rel., there is (that) which, there are (persons) who, there are (things) which, some .—With indic. (the subject conceived as definite): est quod me transire oportet, there is a (certain) reason why I must , etc., T.: sunt item quae appellantur alces, there are creatures also, which , etc., Cs.: sunt qui putant posse te non decedere, some think : Sunt quibus in satirā videor nimis acer, H.—With subj. (so usu. in prose, and always with a subject conceived as indefinite): sunt, qui putent esse mortem . . . sunt qui censeant, etc.: est isdem de rebus quod dici possit subtilius: sunt qui Crustis et pomis viduas venentur avaras, H.—With dat, to belong, pertain, be possessed, be ascribed : fingeret fallacias, Unde esset adulescenti amicae quod daret, by which the youth might have something to give , T.: est igitur homini cum deo similitudo, man has some resemblance : Privatus illis census erat brevis, H.: Troia et huic loco nomen est, L.—Ellipt.: Nec rubor est emisse palam (sc. ei), nor is she ashamed , O.: Neque testimoni dictio est (sc. servo), has no right to be a witness , T.—With cum and abl of person, to have to do with, be connected with : tecum nihil rei nobis est, we have nothing to do with you , T.: si mihi tecum minus esset, quam est cum tuis omnibus.—With ab and abl of person, to be of, be the servant of, follow, adhere to, favor, side with : Ab Andriā est ancilla haec, T.: sed vide ne hoc, Scaevola, totum sit a me, makes for me .— With pro, to be in favor of, make for : (iudicia) partim nihil contra Habitum valere, partim etiam pro hoc esse.—With ex, to consist of, be made up of : (creticus) qui est ex longā et brevi et longā: duo extremi chorei sunt, id est, e singulis longis et brevibus.— To be real, be true, be a fact, be the case, be so : sunt ista, Laeli: est ut dicis, inquam: verum esto: esto, granted , V.—Esp. in phrases, est ut, it is the case that, is true that, is possible that, there is reason for : sin est, ut velis Manere illam apud te, T.: est, ut id maxime deceat: futurum esse ut omnes pellerentur, Cs.: magis est ut ipse moleste ferat errasse se, quam ut reformidet, etc., i. e. he has more reason for being troubled . . . than for dreading , etc.: ille erat ut odisset defensorem, etc., he certainly did hate .—In eo esse ut, etc., to be in a condition to, be possible that, be about to, be on the point of ( impers . or with indef subj .): cum iam in eo esset, ut in muros evaderet miles, when the soldiers were on the point of scaling , L.: cum res non in eo essent ut, etc., L.—Est ubi, there is a time when, sometimes : est, ubi id isto modo valeat.—Est quod, there is reason to, is occasion to : etsi magis est, quod gratuler tibi, quam quod te rogem, I have more reason to : est quod referam ad consilium: sin, etc., L.: non est quod multa loquamur, H.—Est cur, there is reason why : quid erat cur Milo optaret, etc., what cause had Milo for wishing? etc.—With inf, it is possible, is allowed, is permitted, one may : Est quādam prodire tenus, si non datur ultra, H.: scire est liberum Ingenium atque animum, T.: neque est te fallere quicquam, V.: quae verbo obiecta, verbo negare sit, L.: est videre argentea vasa, Ta.: fuerit mihi eguisse aliquando tuae amicitiae, S.—Of events, to be, happen, occur, befall, take place : illa (solis defectio) quae fuit regnante Romulo: Amabo, quid tibi est? T.: quid, si . . . futurum nobis est? L.— To come, fall, reach, be brought, have arrived : ex eo tempore res esse in vadimonium coepit: quae ne in potestatem quidem populi R. esset, L.— II. As a copula, to be : et praeclara res est et sumus otiosi: non sum ita hebes, ut istud dicam: Nos numerus sumus, a mere number , H.: sic, inquit, est: est ut dicis: frustra id inceptum Volscis fuit, L.: cum in convivio comiter et iucunde fuisses: quod in maritimis facillime sum, am very glad to be .—With gen part., to be of, belong to : qui eiusdem civitatis fuit, N.: qui Romanae partis erant, L.: ut aut amicorum aut inimicorum Campani simus, L.— With gen possess., to belong to, pertain to, be of, be the part of, be peculiar to, be characteristic of, be the duty of : audiant eos, quorum summa est auctoritas apud, etc., who possess : ea ut civitatis Rhodiorum essent, L.: Aemilius, cuius tum fasces erant, L.: plebs novarum rerum atque Hannibalis tota esse, were devoted to , L.: negavit moris esse Graecorum, ut, etc.—With pron possess. : est tuum, Cato, videre quid agatur: fuit meum quidem iam pridem rem p. lugere.—With gerundive : quae res evertendae rei p. solerent esse, which were the usual causes of ruin to the state : qui utilia ferrent, quaeque aequandae libertatis essent, L.— With gen. or abl. of quality, to be of, be possessed of, be characterized by, belong to, have, exercise : nimium me timidum, nullius consili fuisse confiteor: Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, S.: civitas magnae auctoritatis, Cs.: refer, Cuius fortunae (sit), H.: nec magni certaminis ea dimicatio fuit, L.: bellum variā victoriā fuit, S.: tenuissimā valetudine esse, Cs.: qui capite et superciliis semper est rasis.—With gen. or abl. of price or value, to be of, be valued at, stand at, be appreciated, cost : videtur esse quantivis preti, T.: ager nunc multo pluris est, quam tunc fuit: magni erunt mihi tuae litterae: sextante sal et Romae et per totam Italiam erat, was worth , L.—With dat predic ., to express definition or purpose, to serve for, be taken as, be regarded as, be felt to be : vitam hanc rusticam tu probro et crimini putas esse oportere, ought to be regarded as : eo natus sum ut Iugurthae scelerum ostentui essem, S.: ipsa res ad levandam annonam impedimento fuerat, L.—With second dat of pers. : quo magis quae agis curae sunt mihi, T.: illud Cassianum, ‘cui bono fuerit,’ the inquiry of Cassius , ‘ for whose benefit was it ’: haec tam parva civitas praedae tibi et quaestui fuit.— To be sufficient for, be equal to, be fit : sciant patribus aeque curae fuisse, ne, etc., L.: ut divites conferrent, qui oneri ferendo essent, such as were able to bear the burden , L.: cum solvendo aere (old dat. for aeri) alieno res p. non esset, L.—With ellips . of aeri : tu nec solvendo eras, wast unable to pay .—With ad, to be of use for, serve for : res quae sunt ad incendia, Cs.: valvae, quae olim ad ornandum templum erant maxime.—With de, to be of, treat concerning, relate to : liber, qui est de animo.—In the phrase, id est, or hoc est, in explanations, that is, that is to say, I mean : sed domum redeamus, id est ad nostros revertamur: vos autem, hoc est populus R., etc., S.

Source locator viaf2845558.viaf001.xml entry n15869 (source key sum), lines 203126–203372

This entry-text adaptation is available under CC BY-SA 4.0. Credit: Charlton T. Lewis · Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, Perseus Digital Library. Changes: XML parsing, plain-text formatting and navigation. Original edition and digitization · Offer a source correction ↗

Where interpretation must slow down

  • Historical 1890 Latin dictionary, digitized by the Perseus Digital Library; not a current scholarly consensus or a newly reviewed SET-U analysis.
  • Explicit source etymology notes retain the dictionary's original claims and abbreviations. They are not asserted parent links, and not every entry supplies an origin.
  • Greek quotations in this particular source artifact use legacy Beta Code, preserved verbatim rather than silently converted into Greek Unicode.
  • The source's rare unresolved legacy entity tokens &acutemacr; and &cj; are retained literally. The original raw XML remains the authoritative transcription.
  • English glosses, cited examples and roots do not alone determine a word's contextual meaning. Missing ancestors in this source do not establish the limit of human knowledge.

An old root, gloss or concordance number does not determine the meaning of every later use. A word’s origin and its modern meaning are different questions.

This page does not invent a manuscript attestation, a sound-change sequence, a modern scholarly verdict or a complete ancestor tree. Missing detail is a limit of this source record, not necessarily a limit of scholarship.

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An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1890) — Perseus Digital Library
Charlton T. Lewis · Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University
1890 American Book Company edition; pinned Perseus XML digitization

CC-BY-SA-4.0 ↗ · Perseus digitized text and SET-U's parsed/reformatted source records, shared under CC BY-SA 4.0; no claim over unrelated SET-U material

Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary (New York, Cincinnati and Chicago: American Book Company, 1890). Digital text: Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/), gift in the name of Carol F. Ross. Source: https://github.com/PerseusDL/lexica/blob/1c34cdf756c63cf37db61bd366d733431dbd7aa0/CTS_XML_TEI/perseus/pdllex/lat/viaf2845558/viaf001/viaf2845558.viaf001.xml. SET-U removes XML presentation markup, decodes known character entities, adds paragraph/etymology labels, and preserves source Greek Beta Code and unresolved legacy tokens. These reformatted records are available under CC BY-SA 4.0, without additional restrictions or warranty. No textual corrections have been made; any future corrections must be offered to Perseus. No endorsement is implied.

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viaf2845558.viaf001.xml entry n15869 (source key sum), lines 203126–203372
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2026-11-05T10:53:40.008Z · acquisition date, not first attestation
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perseus-lewis-elementary-1
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