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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 1 headword matching “Ower”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
owerEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Middle English owere, oȝere, awer, equivalent to owe + -er.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗owerEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Middle English ower, a variant of Middle English over. Compare Scots ower (“over”), English o'er (“over”). More at over.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 20240112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
German masculine nounhistorical form
Feind
The modern German noun for a personal, political, military, or ideological enemy or opponent. Duden derives it through Middle High German vīnt or vīant and Old High German fīand, literally the hating one; DWDS dates Old High German fīant and fījant to the eighth century and identifies the Germanic ancestor as a petrified substantivized present participle. Grimm’s dictionary independently compares Gothic fijands, Old English fēond, English fiend, Dutch vijand, and Nordic forms, while warning that its own still-deeper foam hypothesis required confirmation. The reviewed route therefore follows the inherited enemy noun to reconstructed *fi(j)and- and *fi(j)ēn-, then treats *peh₁- as proposed and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb · nounhistorical form
check
To verify, restrain, mark, or issue a bank draft today; a word whose oldest English history begins with a threatened king in chess.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
chess
The board game whose English name arrives through French chess vocabulary, with competing scholarly accounts of the deeper Persian and Arabic route.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English strong masculine nd-stem nouncontrarian claim
frēond
Old English frēond is the directly attested source-language noun behind modern friend. OED analyzes it as an inherited strong masculine agent noun in -nd, ultimately a noun use of the present participle of the Germanic base behind free, and documents West Saxon frēond, Northumbrian and Kentish frīond, Kentish frīand, mutated frīend and frȳnd, endingless plurals, and re-formed frēondas. Bosworth–Toller prints freónd and friónd, explicitly links freónde loving to freón or freógan, and supplies examples for companion, ally, relation, friend of God, friend versus foe, and friends acting as arbitrators. OED independently preserves close companion, non-enemy, ally, and kinsman senses in Old English. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV folio 152r was directly inspected at Beowulf 1018, where the pixels visibly preserve freondum in Heorot innan wæs freondum afylled. The route reuses the reviewed *frijōnd-, *frī-, and proposed *prī- nodes and then stops. The displayed pronunciation is a normalized approximation, not a recorded voice.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon masculine i-stem noundossier summary
heti
Old Saxon heti is an attested noun, not a reconstructed Proto-Germanic form. Köbler prints the normalized citation form hėti* with a trailing asterisk, then gives three cited lexical loci whose inflections produce five witness readings: accusative singular heti at Heliand 1322 in manuscripts M, C, and V; dative singular heti at Genesis 60; and genitive singular hetias in the tenth-century Saxon Confession. No nominative singular appears in that inventory, but the exact surface heti is visibly written in Munich Cgm 25. The directly inspected Heliand line places the noun in the Beatitudes, where righteous people endure rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi, powerful men's hostility or persecution and hostile speech. The Saxon Confession instead places hetias beside malice, envy, and slander among confessed wrongs. Those contexts establish a range broader than one private feeling without proving that persecution was the prehistoric root meaning. Fulk and Köbler analyze the Old Saxon comparison as an i-stem; Pfeifer describes the wider Germanic noun as an old es/os-stem, so the inherited morphological account remains public rather than falsely harmonized.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbcontrarian claim
humiliate
To reduce someone in their own or others’ estimation, causing shame or loss of dignity; from Late Latin forms meaning to make low or humble.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
humiliation
The act, state, or instance of humiliating or being humiliated; degradation, disgrace, or shame.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
intellect
The power or capacity of knowing and reasoning, inherited from Latin intellectus and intellegere.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
muscle
A body tissue or organ whose English name descends through French from Latin musculus, a diminutive of mūs “mouse.”
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
rich
Having wealth, abundance, value, or intensity; continuing a medieval convergence of English and French forms from a Germanic power word.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
shah
The Persian title for a king or sovereign, borrowed into English in the sixteenth century.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjective · adverbcontrarian claim
ստոյգ
The classical Armenian word for true, certain, real, or genuine, compared by Indo-European etymologists with the Greek true-word family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗029
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*rīkja-
powerful, rich, kingly
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic horizon
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*tkeH-
rule, have power, possess
- DATE
- dialectal Indo-European prehistory
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 3
German / Indo-European
Feind
enemy, adversary, hostile power, enemy force, or determined opponent
- DATE
- German spelling attested in 1483; modern standard headword
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
humiliate
reduce to a lower position in one’s own or others’ eyes; cause shame or embarrassment
- DATE
- circa 1534–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Late Latin / Indo-European
humiliātiō
action of lowering; abasement; subduing or humbling through mortification
- DATE
- Christian and Late Latin
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
intellect
the power or capacity of knowing, reasoning, or understanding
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
muscle
contractile body tissue; later strength or coercive power
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
riche
wealthy, powerful, rich
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old English / Indo-European
rīce
strong, powerful
- DATE
- Old English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0316
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 8
openprobableposition text
Can the English donor be narrowed to one Inuit language?
Not from the reviewed English etymology. It gives only Inuit qayaq. Official Greenlandic qajaq evidence proves a related living form, not that Greenlandic was uniquely the immediate donor.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does every modern Feind literally mean one who hates?
No. The participial source is historical morphology. Modern Duden senses include personal enemy, hostile power or force, and a determined opponent of something without requiring a recoverable emotion in every token.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Can Feind refer only to a personal human enemy?
No. Duden also records hostile powers, enemy soldiers or troops, threats to a group, figurative natural enemies, and opponents of practices or causes.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was kinship the recorded Scandinavian center?
Yes, but not the exclusive sense. Cleasby–Vigfússon and Zoëga center kinsman, while ONP preserves narrower friend and companion groups beside the much broader relative record.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does Heliand 1322 use heti only for a private feeling?
No. Köbler gives Latin persecutio for the Heliand use, and the visible clause says righteous people endure powerful men's heti and harmquidi. The noun functions in an external hostility or persecution setting.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did humiliation always center disgrace and shame?
No. Christian Latin and historical French include lowering, abasement, mortifying discipline, and self-humbling. Chaucer’s Middle English occurrence appears within a treatment of humility, while current American Heritage definitions center degradation, disgrace, and shame.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did rich originally mean only possessing money?
No. Old English rīce is glossed strong or powerful, and the wider family centers on rule and kingship before the modern abundance field.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does every language follow a simple sea-versus-land rule?
No. WALS documents a powerful distributional tendency, not a universal law: 110 sampled languages have Sinitic cha-derived forms, 84 have Min Nan te-derived forms, and 36 belong to neither class.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 8
RANK 16GRADE Aranked reveal
Humiliation is evidenced in English before humiliate.
Chaucer’s Middle English humiliacioun occurs in a humility passage; Merriam-Webster reports the English verb humiliate only circa 1534. Christian Latin and French preserve lowering, abasement, mortification, and self-humbling before current definitions center degradation, disgrace, and shame.
RANK 69GRADE Aranked reveal
Your bank check began as a threat to a king.
Persian šāh becomes a chess warning, French eschec, and English check. Stop and restraint later produce verification and the anti-forgery counterfoil behind the bank draft.
RANK 95GRADE Acontrarian claim
Ten and decimal are cousins, not borrower and source.
English ten is inherited through Germanic; decimal is learned through Latin. Both independently continue the reconstructed Indo-European numeral family.
RANK 108GRADE Acontrarian claim
Rich was powerful—and its ancestor crossed from Celtic into Germanic.
Old English rīce meant strong or powerful. Germanic *rīkja- was borrowed from Celtic *rīg-yo-, in the same king branch that produced royal and rājā.
RANK 135GRADE Aranked reveal
Humiliate is historically to make low.
Late Latin humiliāre means to make low or humble and grows from humilis, low or near the ground, which is formed from humus, earth. Modern shame and loss of dignity sit on that lowering history.
RANK 151GRADE Aranked reveal
The king is still hiding inside check.
English shah directly borrows the Persian royal title. A much longer route through chess vocabulary carries that same king-word into English check and its later restraint, verification, and banking senses.
RANK 169GRADE Aranked reveal
Romance is not the whole prehistory of love.
The reconstructed love family spans a wider comparative field of desire, care, pleasure, and longing. Modern romantic love is one powerful branch, not a one-word prehistoric definition.
RANK 201GRADE A−ranked reveal
Chess may be a fossilized plural.
English chess comes through French plural game or piece forms. Its deeper route remains contested between the king-call šāh family and the traveling game-name šatranj.
040
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “ower.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
050
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “ower.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.