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THE GRAPH.
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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 1 headword matching “Spoke”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
spokeEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Middle English spoke, from Old English spāca, from Proto-West Germanic *spaikā, from Proto-Germanic *spaikō. Compare Scots spaik (“spoke”), Dutch spaak and English spike.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗spokeEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Middle English speke, spake, spoke, spak, spek, speken, spoken, from Old English spæc, specen.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Chambers (1908)
1908- SpokeEnglish · e-38700-2804
Spoke, spōk, pa.t. of speak.
Read the full source record → - SpokeEnglish · e-38700-2805
Spoke, spōk, n. one of the bars from the nave to the rim of a wheel.—Put a spoke in one's wheel, to thwart a person by some impediment. [A.S. spáca; Dut. speek, Ger. speiche.]
Read the full source record →
018
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nounhistorical form
adverb
A grammatical class commonly modifying verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, phrases, clauses, or sentences; the English term continues Latin adverbium.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic class-II weak-verb lemmadossier summary
hatizōn
A Gothic weak verb meaning be angry with or at someone, represented by exactly one verified corpus token: present active second-person plural hatizoþ in John 7:23. Project Wulfila and Streitberg align the form with Greek χολᾶτε in the question “are you angry at me?” and analyze the verb with a dative object. The University of Texas derivational grammar builds class-II hatizōn on the consonantal stem hatiz- of hatis “hatred” or “wrath”; Wright independently lists it as a class-II weak verb. The macronized infinitive is a scholarly citation form, while the manuscript writes only the inflected token without a vowel-length mark. The route continues through the reviewed Germanic noun family and a qualified Indo-European comparison, then stops. One corpus token cannot establish spoken rarity, first use, a complete semantic range, exact pronunciation, or one prehistoric essence.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbcontrarian claim
lecture
A formal instructional talk, named through a Latin lineage whose central action was reading.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
proverb
A brief traditional saying or maxim; English received the word through Anglo-French from Latin proverbium.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
verb
A grammatical word class expressing action, occurrence, or state; English borrowed the label through Anglo-French from Latin verbum.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
verbal
Of, relating to, or consisting of words; also of verbs and, in one modern contrast, spoken rather than written.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adverbhistorical form
verbatim
In exactly the same words; English borrowed the Medieval Latin adverb verbatim, built on verbum and -atim.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
word
A meaningful spoken or written unit; an inherited English form whose Germanic branch is cognate with Latin verbum rather than borrowed from it.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗025
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*wer-dho-
something spoken; word
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed full grade
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 5
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*wr̥-dho-
something spoken; word
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed zero grade
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Germanic / Indo-European
*wurdam
word; something spoken
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic horizon
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
verbal
of, relating to, or consisting of words; of a verb; spoken rather than written
- DATE
- 15th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
word
a meaningful spoken or written unit; an utterance or expression
- DATE
- before 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0314
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openestablishedposition text
Is John 7:23 the first Gothic use of the verb?
Not established. The translation belongs to a fourth-century tradition, the surviving codex is early sixth century, and no complete lost-text or spoken-language archive exists.
openestablishedposition text
Can one exact spoken pronunciation be recovered?
No recorded voice survives. The macron and grammatical spelling support a historical phonological analysis, but they do not license an audio-like exact realization.
openprobableposition text
Is *hatiz- the one exact spoken Proto-Germanic parent?
It is the atlas's reviewed cross-source representation, not a recording. Köbler prints *hati-, *hatiz, Koch gives *hataz ~ *hatiz-, and Pfeifer's stem-class description differs.
openprobableposition text
Is modern vriend merely an etymologizing spelling of vrind?
WNT raises the historical spelling issue, but the route preserves both written and spoken evidence rather than reducing the standard word to one editorial intervention.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do 42 candidate tokens measure spoken Gothic frequency?
No. They measure a bounded, fragmentary textual corpus with duplicate manuscript witnesses, biblical translation effects, and unresolved lemma assignments.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do 26 candidates measure spoken Gothic frequency?
No. They measure a bounded fragmentary textual corpus with biblical translation effects, ambiguous lemma assignments, and duplicate manuscript witnesses.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does known since 1100–1300 mean the word was coined then?
No. It bounds surviving Old Danish evidence and does not date the prehistoric lexicalization or first spoken Danish use.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are the ten Bosworth–Toller examples the complete fēogan corpus?
No. They are the examples exposed by this dictionary entry, not a count of every surviving token, manuscript, lost text, or spoken use.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does ONP expose 101 prose citations?
Yes on the reviewed public entry. The number is a current dictionary-citation count, not a census of every surviving token, lost text, or spoken use.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does Gothic preserve exactly two historical uses of hatan?
Project Wulfila currently reports exactly two surviving corpus tokens assigned to the lemma. That count does not include lost manuscripts, spoken Gothic, unrecognized variants, or every use in history.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do two surviving tokens prove hatan was rare in spoken Gothic?
No. They measure a bounded and fragmentary textual corpus, not ordinary speech, lost texts, genre distribution, or competition among Gothic hate verbs.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the current Corpus Oudfries search return six hits?
Yes for the reviewed May 2026 word-or-lemma query. The number is a current corpus result, not a census of all lost, surviving, or spoken Old Frisian.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 2
RANK 79GRADE Aranked reveal
The modern spelling arrived after the word.
Urdu historical records preserve چا and چاہ before standard modern چائے displaced them. A familiar written form can be the newest layer of an older spoken history.
RANK 161GRADE Acontrarian claim
Verbal is bigger than spoken.
The form is built on Latin verbum “word, verb,” and English verbal still covers what consists of words, what relates to verbs, spoken communication, exact wording, and verbal aptitude.
040
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “spoke.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
050
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “spoke.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.