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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL5 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Rog”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
RogEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Shortening.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗RogEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Two possible origins: * Borrowed from Polish Róg, a metonymic occupational surname for a horn blower, from róg (“horn”). * Borrowed from Dutch Rog, a topographic or habitational surname from rog (“ray”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗rogEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Inherited from Middle English roggen, ruggen, variation of rokken (“to rock”), from Old English roccian.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗rogEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
Clipping of interrogatory.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗rogEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text
Clipping of roger.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →017
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
Danish common-gender noundossier summary
fjende
Modern Danish fjende is the ordinary noun for a person, state, force, ideological opponent, or figurative thing that harms something else. Den Danske Ordbog derives it from Old Norse fjándi, compares German Feind, and identifies the older formation as a present participle of a verb corresponding to Old Norse fjá, to hate or persecute. Gammeldansk Ordbog records fiende broadly from 1100–1300. Ordbog over det danske Sprog preserves fiende, finde, and related spellings, an ordinary enemy sense, military and animal uses, abstract threats, and a special religious Devil branch. Holbergordbog shows that Fiende could still scan as either three syllables or two, alongside Fiænde, Finde, Fînde, and clipped Fiend. The word is therefore a grammatical fossil, not a current psychological definition: a lexicalized one-who-hates became the ordinary Danish enemy noun and accumulated broad contextual work. The current pronunciations are dictionary records, not retrojections into medieval Danish. No manuscript or print object is claimed as directly inspected.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Norse masculine noundossier summary
fjándi
Old Norse fjándi is a masculine noun whose inherited shape still exposes a prehistoric agent formation. Cleasby and Vigfússon compare Gothic fiands, Old English feond, German Feind, Swedish fiende, and Danish fjende, identify the nd as participial, and gloss the older formation as properly a hater. They then distinguish the ordinary enemy sense from a post-Christian fiend development. The University of Copenhagen Dictionary of Old Norse Prose supplies 222 citations and six semantic zones: enemy or opponent; devil, monster, or demon; evil spirit; pagan god; the Devil or Satan; and a derogatory term for a hated or bewitched person, animal, or object. Lexicon Poeticum independently exposes 49 poetic records, including source-reported tenth-century enemy uses and later Christian fiend uses, while warning that its concordance and dates require checking. The noun therefore does not possess one timeless true meaning: an inherited lexicalized hater became an ordinary enemy word, and the branch later accumulated several demonic and derogatory senses. The displayed pronunciation is an editorial normalized approximation, not recorded historical audio. No underlying manuscript object is claimed as directly inspected in this dossier.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
hospice
A program or facility for palliative care, historically a lodging or shelter for travelers, the poor, or the infirm.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
humility
Freedom from pride or arrogance; the quality or condition of being humble.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · adjectivehistorical form
kin
The inherited English family word continuing Middle English kin and Old English cynn, from the Germanic lineage formation *kunja- and ultimately the birth-and-generation root *ǵenh₁-.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · adjectivehistorical form
kindred
An inherited English kinship word built from Old English cynn “kin” plus -ræden “condition or state,” with an intrusive d and a fossilized second element whose wider word-forming pattern disappeared.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
robot
A programmable or autonomous machine, named in English through Karel Čapek's R.U.R. from Czech robota, compulsory labor.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗025
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Old English / Indo-European
cynn
kindred, kind, race, nation, people, tribe, family, lineage, generation, or progeny
- DATE
- Old English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Old Norse / Indo-European
fjándi
enemy or opponent; devil, demon, evil spirit, pagan god, Satan, or a derogatory hated being or thing
- DATE
- Old Norse poetic and prose record
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
hospice
a program or facility providing palliative care; historically a lodging or shelter
- DATE
- 1818–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
humility
freedom from pride or arrogance; the quality or state of being humble
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
robot
an artificial worker; later an automatic or programmable machine
- DATE
- 1922–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
033
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 2
resolvedestablishedposition text
How many meanings does the ONP entry distinguish?
Six numbered zones, with additional formulas: enemy or opponent; devil, monster, or demon; evil spirit; pagan god; the Devil or Satan; and a derogatory hated or bewitched being or thing.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did kin always mean only blood relatives?
No. Old and Middle English records include kind, race, people, tribe, nation, lineage, generation, progeny, gender, species, category, and family. The modern relatives sense is a semantic narrowing, not the whole ancestral meaning.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 1
RANK 39GRADE Aranked reveal
Old Norse fjándi was an enemy before it was the Devil.
Cleasby and Vigfússon identify the inherited -nd- shape as participial and gloss the older formation as properly a hater. Their first sense is the ordinary enemy; only after the introduction of Christianity does the historical account assign fjándi the fiend branch. ONP then reveals how far the word traveled: 222 citations across enemy, demon, evil spirit, pagan god, Satan, and derogatory uses for hated or bewitched beings and things. The truth is not that every enemy secretly hates. It is that a lexicalized agent noun became an ordinary social category, then accumulated new religious and expressive work.
048
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
contemporary dictionary27 CLAIM LINKS
Den Danske Ordbog — fjende
Den Danske Ordbogs redaktion
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary15 CLAIM LINKS
Holbergordbog — Fiende
Aage Hansen · Sv. Eegholm-Pedersen · Christopher Maaløe
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary13 CLAIM LINKS
Ordbog over det danske Sprog — Fjende
ODS editorial team / 1922
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary7 CLAIM LINKS
Gammeldansk Ordbog — fiende
Gammeldansk Ordbogs redaktion
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary7 CLAIM LINKS
Ordbog over Det gamle norske Sprog — hata
Johan Fritzner
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary6 CLAIM LINKS
Ordbog over Det gamle norske Sprog — frændi
Johan Fritzner
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source3 CLAIM LINKS
ONP manuscript record — Holm perg 15 4° with folio 89v scan
Sprogsamlinger · University of Copenhagen / 1200
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary2 CLAIM LINKS
Ordbog over Det gamle norske Sprog — fjá
Johan Fritzner
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗054
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Peder Syv song collection
fjende / fjende / Peder Syv Viser, source-reported 1695
Ordbog over det danske Sprog — Fjendereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Derogatory term applied to an animal
fjándi / fjándi / Old Norse prose corpus; source-reported
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — fjándi, masculine nounreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
the old enemy as the Devil
fjende / fjende / historical religious use; source-reported
Ordbog over det danske Sprog — Fjendereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
lamb and wolf example
fjende / fjende / historical animal use; source-reported
Ordbog over det danske Sprog — Fjendereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.