GRAPH-WIDE SEARCH
MEASURE THE GRAPH ↗NOT JUST A DICTIONARY LOOKUP
6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONSSEARCH
THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL5 source sections across 1 headword matching “Rest”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
restEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Etymology tree Proto-Germanic *rastō Proto-West Germanic *rastu Old English ræst Middle English reste English rest From Middle English rest, reste, from Old English ræst, from Proto-West Germanic *rastu, from Proto-Germanic *rastō, of uncertain origin; possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (“to rest”) or *Hre(h₁)s- (“to flow, rush”). Cognate with West Frisian rêst (“rest”), Dutch rust (“rest”), German Rast (“rest”), Swedish rast (“rest”), Norwegian rest (“rest”), Icelandic röst (“rest”), Old Irish árus (“dwelling”), German Ruhe (“calm”), Albanian resht (“to stop, pause”), Welsh araf (“quiet, calm, gentle”), Lithuanian rovà (“calm”), Ancient Greek ἐρωή (erōḗ, “rest, respite”), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬨𐬈 (aⁱrime, “calm, peaceful”), Sanskrit रमते (rámate, “he stays still, calms down”), Gothic 𐍂𐌹𐌼𐌹𐍃 (rimis, “tranquility”). Related to roo.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗restEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Middle English resten, from Old English restan, from Proto-West Germanic *rastijan (“to rest”), from Proto-Indo-European *ros-, *res-, *erH- (“rest”). Cognate with Dutch rusten (“to rest”), Middle Low German resten (“to rest”), German rasten (“to rest”), Danish raste (“to rest”), Swedish rasta (“to rest”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗restEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
From Middle English reste, from Old French reste, from Old French rester (“to remain”), from Latin restō (“to stay back, stay behind”), from re- + stō (“to stand”). Replaced native Middle English lave (“rest, remainder”) (from Old English lāf (“remnant, remainder”)).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗restEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text
From Middle English resten, from Old French rester, from Latin restō.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗restEnglish (en) · Etymology 5Source text
Aphetic form of arrest.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Chambers (1908)
1908- RestEnglish · e-38699-6105
Rest, rest, n. cessation from motion or disturbance: peace: quiet: sleep: the final sleep, or death: place of rest, as an inn, &c.: repose: release: security: tranquillity: stay: that on which anything rests or is suppor
Read the full source record → - RestEnglish · e-38699-6106
Rest, rest, n. that which remains after the separation of a part: remainder: others: balance of assets above liabilities.—v.i. to remain.—For the rest, as regards other matters. [Fr. reste—L. restāre, to remain—re-, back
Read the full source record → - RestEnglish · e-38699-6107
Rest, rest, v.t. (coll.) to arrest.
Read the full source record →
0110
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nouncontrarian claim
aguacate
The Spanish word for the avocado tree and fruit, borrowed from Nahuatl āhuacatl, whose historical records include both fruit and testicle senses.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
algebra
A mathematical discipline whose English name travels through Medieval Latin from Arabic al-jabr, restoration or completion.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
boy
A male child or young man; Middle English also used the word for a male servant or churl, and its origin remains disputed.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb · noundossier summary
check
To verify, restrain, mark, or issue a bank draft today; a word whose oldest English history begins with a threatened king in chess.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbcontrarian claim
dialogue
Conversation, represented speech, or an exchange of ideas; inherited through medieval French and Latin from a Greek speaking-family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
girl
A female child or young woman; in Middle English the word could denote a child or young person of either sex.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English weak-verb lemmacontrarian claim
hettan
An Old English weak-verb lemma supported by a strikingly narrow surface record. A full-corpus lemmatisation inventory lists only hettende under hettan; Bosworth–Toller redirects the bare headword to hettend, “enemy,” while Orel compares the verb with Gothic hatjan and Middle High German hetzen. Clark Hall instead assigns hettende to hatian. The dossier therefore separates the comparative verb, the recorded enemy word, and the unresolved lemma assignment.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjective · noun · verbhistorical form
kapu
A Hawaiian word for what is prohibited, sacred, consecrated, or set apart, continuing the Oceanic tapu family through the characteristic Hawaiian *t to k sound change.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · adjective · verbcontrarian claim
taboo
An English borrowing recorded in 1777 from Tongan tabu, now tapu, within an Oceanic family whose reconstructed form joins ritual restriction with sacredness.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗stative · modifier · noundossier summary
tapu
A Māori word for what is sacred, prohibited, restricted, set apart, or under atua protection, inherited within the wider Oceanic *tampu family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗028
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Oceanic / Austronesian
*tampu
sacred, forbidden; under ritual restriction
- DATE
- Proto-Oceanic reconstruction
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 3
Classical Arabic / Afro-Asiatic
al-jabr
restoration, completion; an operation in equation solving
- DATE
- 9th century
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Medieval Latin / Indo-European
algebra
restoration; bone-setting; the mathematical art
- DATE
- 12th–16th centuries
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
bōia
collar or yoke used to restrain criminals
- DATE
- Latin
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
check
verify, restrain, inspect, mark; a bank draft
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
chek / chekke
a chess warning; assault, adverse event, restraint
- DATE
- 14th–15th centuries
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Classical Arabic / Afro-Asiatic
jabara
to restore, reunite, set or mend
- DATE
- Classical Arabic
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Māori / Austronesian
tapu
sacred, prohibited, restricted, set apart, or under atua protection
- DATE
- Māori record–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0320
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedposition text
Does boy securely descend from a word for ox hide?
No. American Heritage offers a possible chain through a fettered person, fetter, Latin restraint collar, and Greek ox hide; Oxford labels the origin unknown.
openproposedposition text
Is there also a masculine hatr?
ONP maintains a separate masculine analysis, but it rests on one citation and the editors flag it as possibly an elementary error. The possibility remains visible without being promoted to parity with the 54-citation neuter entry.
openproposedposition text
Did hate originally mean pursuit or persecution?
Possibly, but not securely. Liberman points to Old English hatian in a pursuit context, German hetzen, Old English hettan, and the pursuer Hati; he presents pursuit as the most promising concrete history while leaving the rest murky.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did algebra originally mean symbols and variables?
No. Al-jabr named restoration or completion, including a specific equation-solving operation; the word later expanded to the discipline.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does eDIL make the deep etymology settled?
No. eDIL says it is generally not an etymological dictionary and supplies etymologies selectively. The deeper graph route therefore rests on separately cited comparative scholarship.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did check begin with verification?
No. The oldest sequence starts with chess, then stop and restraint; verification and banking are later semantic branches.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does dialogue etymologically require exactly two speakers?
No. Greek dia- means through, across, or between, not two; both reviewed histories explicitly reject or contradict the two-person restriction.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was the relation or kinsman sense absent from Old English?
No. OED cites the Rushworth Gospels and Laws of Cnut under close relation or kinsman. The sense later becomes regionally restricted in English but is attested in Old English.
resolvedprobableposition text
How did a reciprocal stranger become an enemy?
Early Latin hostis referred to a foreigner or legally recognized outsider before later Roman usage restricted it to a hostile outsider or enemy.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did Latin hostis always mean enemy?
No. Roman sources remembered an older foreigner or stranger sense before usage restricted the word toward a public or armed enemy.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did taboo originally mean only “forbidden”?
No. The Tongan reflexes and wider Oceanic reconstruction carry a semantic field that includes prohibited, under ritual restriction, sacred, holy, and consecrated.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does tapu mean only “forbidden”?
No. Te Aka defines a culturally specific field spanning sacredness, restriction, being set apart, prohibition, atua protection, and social or environmental responsibility.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 8
RANK 69GRADE Aranked reveal
Your bank check began as a threat to a king.
Persian šāh becomes a chess warning, French eschec, and English check. Stop and restraint later produce verification and the anti-forgery counterfoil behind the bank draft.
RANK 71GRADE Aranked reveal
Dialogue never meant “speech limited to two.”
Greek dia- means through, across, or between. Confusing it with the numeral prefix di- produced a durable but false restriction.
RANK 145GRADE Aranked reveal
English taboo did not come from Māori tapu.
Māori tapu and English taboo meet deeper in the Oceanic family. English borrowed the Tongan reflex; Māori independently preserves sacredness, prohibition, restriction, and atua protection.
RANK 146GRADE Aranked reveal
The k in kapu is a fossilized sound change.
Hawaiian kapu and Māori tapu are not misspellings of one another: Hawaiian regularly changed inherited *t toward k while preserving the sacred and prohibited semantic field.
RANK 151GRADE Aranked reveal
The king is still hiding inside check.
English shah directly borrows the Persian royal title. A much longer route through chess vocabulary carries that same king-word into English check and its later restraint, verification, and banking senses.
RANK 159GRADE Aranked reveal
It did not begin as merely “forbidden.”
Tongan and reconstructed Oceanic evidence joins prohibition and ritual restriction with sacredness and consecration.
RANK 175GRADE Acontrarian claim
Algebra named restoration before it named symbols.
Arabic al-jabr was an operation of restoring or completing an equation—and also had a real bone-setting history.
RANK 202GRADE Branked reveal
Boy may reach ox—but only through a disputed trail.
One proposal runs from a fettered person through a shackle, restraint collar, ox hide, and ox; another major reference says the origin is unknown.
041
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
055
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Heliand manuscript M, arrest scene
hatan / hatōn / Heliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth century
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 142, hatandiero locusreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A tide passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses check as a verb meaning restrain or impede.
check / check / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Book of Rudolf
hatia / hatia / text dated 1220-1300; manuscript J dated 1520-1540; source-reported
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in the Book of Rudolfwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Heliand manuscript C, arrest scene
hatan / hatōn / Heliand composition circa 830–840; Cotton witness mid or second half of the tenth century
Altsächsisches Wörterbuch — hatōn and hėttiandreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Jónsbók, the nearest relative as heir
frændi / frændi / manuscript dated circa 1360–1400 by ONP
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine nounreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.